Final Regents Review: Rome

1. Final Regents Review: Rome By: Susan M. PojerHorace Greeley H.S. Chappaqua, NY

2. Rome’s Conquest • Unify Italian Peninsula under Latin tribes – constant warfare • 309 BCE Gaul’s Level Rome: • Built walls • Rebuilt Army • 300s – Take Etruscans, Greek cities, Samnites • Conquered people: some citizens others no • Pay taxes, serve in army • Army becomes VERY well trained

3. Carthaginian Empire

4. 1st Punic War (264 – 241 BCE) • Roman overseas expansion starts • Battled at sea • Huge navies • Rome wins – take control of Sicily

5. 2nd Punic War (218 – 202 BCE) • Hannibal – Carthagian General • Surprise attack from • Crosses Alps – soldiers, supplies, elephants! • Hannibal must return to defend Carthage • Carthage loses Spain and lots of $$$$$

6. Hannibal’s Route

7. 3rd Punic War (149 – 146 BCE) • Begins after 50 yrs of peace • Senator Cato calls for destruction of Carthage • Roman Army obliges – people killed or enslaved • Rome Controls North Africa • Problems: countless soldiers lost, loss of farms

8. Consequences of Roman Expansion • Mare Nostrum: “Our Sea” • Widened gap between rich and poor • Disruption of traditional patterns of life in the countryside • Small farmers fall into debt and sell land to rich owners of Latifundia • Growth of unemployed urban poor • An influx of slaves

9. Consequences of Roman Expansion (cont) • New Hellenized, urban culture • Roman literature imitates Greek models --Terence • Adopted fad of Greek bathing • Shift in eating habits • More opportunities for Roman aristocrats to enrich themselves politically and materially • Demise of foreign enemies = loss of patriotism and Roman value of frugality

10. Expansion During the Final Years145 – 44 BCE • 91 BCE – allies rebel over taxes Compromise – all free Italians are Roman Citizens • Slave rebellions – Spartacus (73 BCE) – harsh end • Civil wars ensue • Many unemployed • Tension rises between Pompey and Julius Caesar

11. Civil War & Dictators Julius Caesar Pompey

12. The First Triumvirate • Julius Caesar • Marcus Licinius Crassus • Gaius Magnus Pompey

13. The Irregular Career of Pompey • Succeeding generals take Sulla (dictator) as a model • Pompey has political and military successes • Behaves as an independent king • Opposition to Pompey arises • Formation of the First Triumvirate --Crassus, Pompey and Julius Caesar • Julius Caesar’s daughter Julia marries Pompey

14. The Victory of Julius Caesar • Caesar’s Gallic campaigns • Mounting political violence in streets of Rome • Triumvirate dissolves and Pompey made sole consul—another tradition destroyed • Julius Caesar marches on Rome (49 BCE)

15. Crossing the Rubicon, 49 BC The Die is Cast!

16. The Victory of Julius Caesar (cont) • Caesar’s key problem was ruling Rome alone without violating the oldest tradition of the republic: hatred of monarchy • The assassination of Julius Caesar (44 BCE) -- “The Ides of March” • Roman literature and portraiture reflects these stormy years of political chaos

17. Beware the Ides of March!44 BCE

18. The Second Triumvirate • Octavian Augustus • Marc Antony • Marcus Lepidus

19. Pax Romana: 27 BCE – 180 CE

20. The Greatest Extent of the Roman Empire – 14 CE