The Industrial Revolution

1. The Industrial Revolution Mr. Ermer World History AP Miami Beach Senior High

2. Industrial Breakthroughs • Technological and organizational changes to manufacturing process • Machine power (fueled by coal and petroleum) replaces man power • Factory replaces workshops/homes as main site of production • Europe, the United States, and Japan are main areas of industrialization • New divisions of labor, interchangeable parts, belt-driven assembly lines • Newer larger machines produce good more efficiently • Need for ever more expensive machines promotes rise of large businesses • Giant corporations join together in trusts and cartels • Common conditions promote industrialization in Britain, Yangzi Delta, and Japan • High levels of agricultural production = population growth • High population density promotes occupational specialization • Navigable rivers and canal networks promote trade/communication • Cities house sophisticated banks and financial institutions • Ecological challenges begin to halt progress in all three regions • Great Britain survives by using coal and their large empire

3. British Advantages • Wood = primary fuel in pre-industrial Britain; deforestation • Britain sits atop some of Europe’s largest coal deposits • British have homeland full of coal, and skills to extract it • Coal much better fuel source than wood, powers steam engines/iron works • Britain’s colonies & access to American markets = raw materials • Sugar and cotton, both unable to grow in Europe, fuel industrialization • Cotton in high demand among British, replaces wool • Calico Acts of 1720 & 1721, attempt to restrict sale of imported cotton • Demand remains high • Cotton production mechanized to increase productivity • 1765: James Watt invents general-purpose steam engine • Capable of creating several horsepower units • Iron production increases with use of coal “coke” in blast furnaces • Henry Bessemer streamlines production of steel (1856) • Steel and steam engine combine to create locomotive trains • Steamships and locomotives increase rate of transportation, lowers costs

5. Industrialization • Factories replace the putting-out system • Workers perform specialized tasks under the same roof • Managers rise as new class of people • Impose workplace discipline, supervise quality of work • Worker productivity and factory output increase • Factory owning capitalists earn fantastic wealth • Factory workers are less skilled than their artisan ancestors • Often resented repetitious nature of work, disconnected to products • Engines allow factories to run 24/7 • Formerly rural workers’ lives no longer dictated by seasons, cycles of the sun, or the organic power of animals; but by the factory whistle, set hours • Workers work long 12-14 hour shifts; day shift or night shift • Working conditions unsanitary, dangerous—workers protest • Industrial process spreads to Europe, North America

8. Spread of Industrialization • Napoleon reduces trade barriers in Europe, promoting conditions needed for industrialization • Belgium and France first to industrialize • German industrialization picks up pace after unification • United States has more than enough natural resources • Immigration provides industrial labor force U.S. needs to industrialize • European companies eager to invest in America’s potential • Steamships and railroads connect far-flung American markets • Telegraphs facilitate communication • Mass production increases business profits, size • The corporation rises as primary unit of capitalization • Monopolies, Trusts, and Cartels • Vertical integration of resources/businesses, collusion, greed

11. Social Effects • Industrialization improves standards of living • People believe in the power of industrialized progress—Crystal Palace • Populations increase exponentially • Better medical technology prolongs life • Demographic transition, birth control leads to low population growth • Migration from countryside to cities—urbanization • Cities grow too fast, conditions in poor neighborhoods = horrible • Water and air pollution, crowded living quarters, poor construction/sanitation • Death rates outpaced birth rates in many cities • Rich build fancy homes in newly built suburbs, connected by streetcars • Late-1800s, governments begin to improve conditions in cities • Building codes, sanitation/sewage improvements, create more parks • Transportation technology encourages immigration from Europe (eventually Asia) to Americas (especially to the United States)

17. Industrial Society • New social classes emerge as cities grow • Industrialists and capitalists overshadow traditionally privileged classes • Growth of the middle class creates new values in society • Large working class begins to influence politics • Family roles begin to change slowly • Distinction drawn between working and family life • Women and children expected to work early on • Child labor eventually frowned upon, compulsory education created • Women forced out of workplaces, into the home to “preserve traditional values” • Growth of middle class leads to growth in recreational activity • Harsh conditions for working class poor creates new ideologies • Utopian Socialism • Karl Marx & FredrichEngles (the Communist Manifesto & Das Kapital) • Capitalists vs. Proletariat • Abolition of private property, communal ownership through proletariat revolution • Socialists agree with Marx to a degree, believe in change through democracy • Trade Unions begin to fight for workers rights, force change

21. Industrial World Order • Industrial nations have advantages over others • Non-industrial countries export raw materials • Industrial countries control mechanisms of trade, exploit non-industrial • Other countries attempt industrialization with limited success • Britain, W. Europe, United States, and Japan (Russia limited) industrialized • Industrialized countries depend on others for raw goods, food • Africa, Asia, the Americas seen as markets for industrialized countries • Places colonized/settled by Europeans also begin to develop industrially • Australia, Argentina, New Zealand, Canada, South Africa • Economic interdependence of developed and underdeveloped • Sub-Saharan Africa, south and southeast Asia, most of Latin America depend on rich industrialized countries for economic growth • Increase in rate and regularity of global travel and communication