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Dispelling the CE Mark Myth: What’s Required for European Compliance December 12, 2003

Understand the essentials of EMC (Electromagnetic Compatibility) for European compliance requirements to ensure product conformity and the proper use of the CE Mark. Learn about EMC elements, EMI interference impacts on electronics, certification processes, European vs. US standards, terms, definitions, and reasons for compliance. Explore the EMC Directive, reasons for conformity, and the application of the CE marking. Dive into the details of the EMC Directive, essential protection requirements, self-certification options, and the significance of the CE Mark for product conformance.

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Dispelling the CE Mark Myth: What’s Required for European Compliance December 12, 2003

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  1. Dispelling the CE Mark Myth:What’s Required for European ComplianceDecember 12, 2003

  2. What is EMC? • EMC: Electromagnetic Compatibility • Emissions: Unwanted radiated and conducted electrical energy • Immunity: Undesirable response to external electrical energy • EMI: Electromagnetic Interference

  3. Elements of an EMI Situation • Source "Culprit" • Coupling method "Path" • Sensitive device "Victim" VICTIM SOURCE PATH

  4. How Does EMI Affect Electronics? • Radiated and conducted interference • Conducted Interference Enters and Exits Equipment through Wiring and Cabling • Radiated Interference Enters and Exits Equipment through Wiring and Enclosure Penetration Radiated Susceptibility Radiated Emissions Conducted Susceptibility Conducted Emissions

  5. Loop Area Induced Current Radiated Coupling Field to Cable Radio Electromagnetic Wave Patient Monitor VCM

  6. Interference to TV Reception No Interference Two Interfering Signals Injected into TV

  7. Transients • Electrostatic Discharge & Transient Pulses • ESD can induce “glitches” in circuits, leading to false triggering, errors in address & data lines and latch-up of devices • Upset • Damage • Degradation leading to future failure(s)

  8. PERSONAL COMPUTERS & PERIPHERALS, RADIO RECEIVERS • Method #1Test at Approved Laboratory Declaration of Conformity. Does not go to the FCC Test Product at approved Laboratory Report with Technical Information Declaration of Conformity Sell Product DOC

  9. RADIO TRANSMITTERS • Examples Cordless Phones, Radio Transmitters, CB Radios, Wireless Products CERTIFICATION: Report with Technical Information Send Report and Application to FCC or TCB Test Product FCC GRANT with FCC ID Number FCC Grant Sell Product

  10. EUROPEAN REQUIREMENTS

  11. Top US Markets

  12. OVERVIEW OF EUROPEAN REQUIREMENTS • Terms and Definitions • Comparison with US Standards • Options for Conformity • Technical Requirements • Use of the CE Mark

  13. TERMS & DEFINITIONS • European Directive • Legal Document adopted by EC Council of Ministers • Must be adopted into National Law by each EC member state • Does not call out technical standards; refers to private standards-making bodies to draw up product standards • European Norm (EN) • Harmonized Standard: Common Standard used for determining conformity • Committee process • ENs based on existing standards (CISPR, IEC) • Must be adopted into National Standards by each EC Member state • CENELEC (Comite Europeen de Normalisation Electrotechnique) • European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization: responsible for generating European Norms • CE: Communaute Europeenne

  14. REASONS FOR COMPLIANCE • Regulatory Requirements • Domestic • EMC: FCC Requirements • Penalties: • $7000/occurrence • Bellcore • European: • EMC: EMC Directive • Military/Aerospace • Functionality and Mission Success

  15. NEW APPROACH DIRECTIVES • Objective: Elimination of Technical Barriers • New Approach calls out Essential Requirements • Technical Details Left to Committees • Harmonization of European Norms (Standards) • CENELEC • Conformity to European Norms demonstrates compliance • Products meeting essential requirements eligible for CE Marking

  16. Directive Low Voltage (73/23/EEC) Amended by 93/68/EEC Simple Pressure Vessels (87/404/EEC) Amended by 90/488/EEC Toy Safety (88/378/EEC) Amended by 93/68/EEC Construction Products (89/106/EEC) Amended by 93/68/EEC EMC (89/336/EEC) Amended by 93/68/EEC Machinery (89/392/EEC) Amended by 93/68/EEC Personal Protective Equipment (89/686/EEC) Non-Automatic Weighing Instruments (90/384/EEC) Amended by 93/68/EEC Gas Appliances (90/396/EEC) Amended by 93/68/EEC Telecommunications Terminal Equipment (91/263/EEC) Amended by 93/68/EEC Hot Water Boilers (92/42/EEC) Amended by 93/68/EEC Medical Devices (93/42/EEC) Satellite Earth Station Equipment (93/97/EEC) Explosive Atmospheres (94/9/EEC) Recreational Craft (94/25/EEC) Radio and Telecommunications Terminal Equipment Directive Mandatory Date: 1/1/97 7/1/92 1/1/97 1/1/97 1/1/96 1/1/95 6/30/95 1/11/02 1/1/95 1/1/96 1/1/97 6/13/98 NONE 6/30/03 6/15/98 4/1/01 EUROPEAN DIRECTIVES

  17. THE EMC DIRECTIVE • 89/336/EEC: The EMC Directive • Adopted 1989 by Council of the European Communities • Original Implementation 1 January 1992 • Amended by 92/31/EEC • Affects all products to be placed on the Market • Calls out essential “protection requirements” which include emissions as well as susceptibility • Does not call out specifications or standards “New Approach Directive” • Essential Protection Requirements • Allows Self-Certification • ”CE” Marking certifying product’s conformance

  18. APPLICATION OF THE EMC DIRECTIVE • “Electrical Apparatus” Covered • Exceptions: components, large installations and devices that must comply with other Directives that address EMC (e.g., telecommunications) • Member states adopt ENs • Penalties for non-compliance • Country-by-Country basis. • Example: UK Requirements: • Fines up to £5000 • Up to 3 months imprisonment for misuse of CE mark • Forfeiture of equipment

  19. COMPLIANCE WITH EUROPEAN DIRECTIVES • Product-Specific Standards or use • Generic Standards • Use Generic Requirements if Product-Specific Standards do not exist • Conformity Assessment Options • Declaration of Conformity • Technical Construction File

  20. CE Marking • Implementation of the CE Marking: • Must be affixed to: • Product • Packaging • Instructions for use, OR • Guarantee certificate • Can be used with other marks providing they do not reduce the visibility and legibility of the mark • The marking may include: • The identification of a notified body involved in assessment

  21. R&TTE • Covers the following aspects: • Efficient use of spectrum • EMC • Safety

  22. R&TTE Approval Process • CE Marking by manufacturer is allowed • Self-Declaration for many products • Reduced approval procedures and processes • Harmonized standards developed • Faster, cheaper, more market coverage for SME

  23. CONDUCTED EMISSIONS TESTING • Measure Noise on Power Line Product Spectrum Analyzer Power Cord LISN

  24. RADIATED EMISSIONS TESTING Spectrum Analyzer • Test Site: Measure Radiated • Noise from Equipment Case • and Cables Open Area Test Site Product 3 m or 10 m Turntable Measuring Antenna

  25. RADIATED EMISSIONS TESTING Spectrum Analyzer • Test Site: Measure Radiated • Noise from Equipment Case • and Cables Open Area Test Site Product 3 m or 10 m Turntable Measuring Antenna Photos: EMC Test System, Austin, TX emctest.com

  26. Typical Ambient Profile Cell phone FM Radio Switching noise

  27. Immunity Test Requirements • 1000-4 Series • IEC 61000-4-1: Introduction • IEC 61000-4- 2: Electrostatic Discharge Requirements • IEC 61000-4- 3: Radiated Immunity • IEC 61000-4- 4: Electrical Fast Transient • IEC 61000-4- 5: Surge • IEC 61000-4- 6: Conducted RF Immunity • IEC 61000-4-7: Interharmonics • IEC 61000-4-8 & 9: Magnetic field immunity • IEC 61000-4-10: Damped Oscillatory pulsed field immunity • IEC 61000-4-11: Dips & Interrupts (“power quality”) • IEC 61000-4-12: Damped Oscillatory (surge)

  28. ESD Testing ESD Simulator

  29. Anechoic Chamber www.emctest.com

  30. EFT Testing EFT Generator EFT Clamp Ground Plane

  31. Direct Indirect Surge Coupling • Lightning and pulse sources cause high-energy transients into power and data cables

  32. Voltage Dips & Interrupts • IEC 1000-4-11 • Simulates brownouts and blackouts on equipment operation • Voltage Dip: • Voltage Interrupt:

  33. A Tester’s Perspective • Radiated Emissions: Consumes at least 1/2 of all testing and re-engineering time required for passing most EMC programs • Most Common Failures (in approximate order of occurrence): • 1. Radiated Emissions • 2. Conducted Emissions • 3. ESD • 4. Radiated and/or conducted immunity • 5. Surge • 6. EFTs

  34. Reach us • Washington Laboratories, Ltd. • 7560 Lindbergh Drive • Gaithersburg, Maryland 20879 • Phone: 800/839-1649 • Fax: 301/417-9069 • Email: info@wll.com • www.wll.com

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