Core Theme: Patterns and Change Partial Review Game

1. Core Theme: Patterns and Change Partial Review Game

2. Unit 1 – Populations in Transitions and Unit 2 – Disparities in Wealth and Development

3. Remember when preparing for Paper 1 to utilize: • Paper 1 Study Organizers and Your Notebook- Course Outline (for IB specified definitions + review command terms) • Paper 1 Sample Questions- Challenges Facing Africa and Potential Solutions • - IB Geography Exam Preparation Guide- Final Reminders handout

4. Reminder: In most cases, unless otherwise stated (or the data makes it evident), on the IB Exam, LEDCs and NICs are lumped together even though their economies are fundamentally different. IB though does expect you to understand the differences in their economies and why the differences exist. However, if you are given a generalized question where you are being asked to compare and contrast lesser economically developed countries with most economically developed countries, you may cite an NIC in the lesser economically developed category but still clearly identify it as an NIC in your response. Furthermore, if the question allows you to cite multiple examples definitely cite one or more examples of the LEDCs we have discussed. eg Niger, Rwanda or Sudan, Kenya, Solomon Islands

5. Define: total fertility rate The number of children a woman is expected to have during her lifetime, based on current birth rates. What is the natural replacement rate? 2.1 Which one of the following countries would be associated with a TFR of 1.3? a) Italy b) Niger c) USA d) India a) Italy 1.3 b) Niger 7.3 c) USA 2.1 d) India 2.7 Define: infant mortality rate Average number of children per 1000 live births who die before the age of 1. Which one of the following countries would be associated with an IMR of 20.3? • a) Sudan b) Canada c) China d) India • a) Sudan 82.4 b) Canada 5.0 c) China 20.3 d) India 50.8

6. Which country does the following population pyramid belong to? a) UAE b) Sweden c) Brazil d) Rwanda

8. What stage of the Demographic Transition Model is Rwanda in? Describe the birth rate and death rate in this stage and why is the country in that stage? - Stage 2: High Birth Rate (eg 38 births / 1000 people / year; TFR: 5.1), Falling Death Rate (eg 10 deaths / 1000 people / year) = Rapid population growth (eg 2.9% per year) For reasons, see page 350 in textbook. Describe the relationship shown on the graph on the next slide and explain?

10. Negative correlation between mean years in school (for women 25 years and older) and TFR. Why does female education have an impact on lowering birth rates? • delay in giving birth while staying in school • better knowledge of health reduces the infant mortality rate; therefore more confident that children will survive so less pressure to have more children • increased knowledge regarding contraception and a sense of an increase in female rights to make decisions regarding birth control

11. Remember, if you are asked to describe or to explain something (i.e. a relationship) based on a graph, map, chart, etc. on the IB exam, - “If IB gives you data, give it back to them” (Mleziva). In other words, remember to quantify. Also, if you are being asked to describe a relationship between two variables describe in terms of a positive or negative or no clear relationship.

12. Define population momentum. The tendency for a population to grow despite a fall in the birth rate or fertility rate. In what category of country and pyramid shape does it typically occur and why? LEDCs, early expanding pyramid; relatively high concentrations of people in the pre-childbearing years. As these young people grow older and move through reproductive ages, the more the number of births will exceed number of deaths in the older populations, and so the population will continue to grow.

13. Define population projections. Predictions about future population based on trends in fertility, mortality, and migration. Define dependency and ageing ratios. Children (0-14) and Elderly (65 and over) x 100 Those of working age (15-64) Elderly (65 and over)x 100 Those of working age (15-64) What are the advantages and disadvantages of an ageing population which many MEDCs are experiencing?

14. Disadvantages • With an increasing dependency ratio and ageing ration, a dramatic increase in the cost of funding pensions and health care especially at a time when many MEDCs are experiencing government debt problems (eg “PIGS” of Europe, Japan, and the USA)- Inadequate nursing facilities • Depletion of the labour force • Potential Deterioration of the economy • Potential movement of jobs / industries to countries with larger, younger workforces

15. Advantages • The elderly may have skills (including social skills) and training which makes them preferential over some younger workers • The elderly may look after grandchildren allowing both parents to work • - The elderly are an important market – “the grey economy” – eg for tour operators and healthcare providers

16. In what year did China introduce its one child policy (i.e. anti-natalist approach)? 1979 3.0 What was the TFR at the time? Chinese demographer, Liu Zeng, calculated that China’s optimum population was _______ million, and that the state should aim to reach this goal by 2080. To do so, China would have to lower its TFR to _____. A goal of the one child policy was to stabilize the population at 1.3 billion by the year ________. China’s current TFR is ______. 700 1.5 2000 1.6 Remember to study the pros and cons of this policy.What is the potential fine for violating the policy in certain areas? $28 000 Canadian.

17. What is optimum population? A theoretical state in which the number of people, when working with all the available resources, will produce the highest per capita economic return, i.e. the highest standard of living and quality of life. It has been estimated that Canada could _________________ its population and still maintain its standard of living. Canada’s current population is __________________ which is about ____% of the world’s population. double 0.5 35 million

18. In the Rwanda forced migration case study, who was primarily leaving, to where, and why? • approx. two million Hutu civilians and militia fled Rwanda primarily to Zaire and Tanzania creating a massive refugee crisis with socio-economic, political, and environmental impacts • they fled in fear of retaliation after the Tutsi minority had re-gained control of the Rwandan • government after the 100-day • genocide which saw Hutu • extremists kill 800 000 to • one million Tutsis and • moderate Hutus

19. Rural to urban migration in Mexico has typically followed what pattern? Step-wise migration: move to small towns first and make the shift from subsistence farming to new skills (i.e. making shoes or selling trinkets to tourists); then move to Mexico City for better jobs, schools, amusements, etc. What are the key sources of air pollution in Mexico City? - Industrial growth, population boom (3 million to 20 million from 1950-2000), and 3.5 million vehicles producing particulate matter and ground level ozone

20. 80 In sub-Saharan Africa. Women grow over _____% of the food eaten and contribute half of the region’s cash crops but in most cases women cannot get __________ to land. tenure Some exceptions to this include South Africa, Niger, and Rwanda where property ownership for females is allowed.

21. In the post-genocidal constitution in Rwanda, how were females given greater gender equality in the national government? - Guaranteed Minimum quotas set in parliament for female representatives

22. Nearly 7000 girls a day are aborted in India.Why is there a cultural preference for boys? - girls are often considered a liability as parents put away large sums of money for dowries at the time of their marriage- at least one male child to carry on the family name According to the UN, why are sex select abortions “rampant” in affluent areas? - better access to medical techniques to determine the gender of the baby 123 In China, the ratio of boys to girls at birth is _____ to 100 which is considered biologically impossible without human intervention.

23. In terms of defining development, what does the mnemonic device “JESTS” stand for? • Economic progress • Shifting from primary industries (i.e. subsistence agriculture)to secondary (i.e. manufacturing) to tertiary (i.e. services) and quaternary (i.e. research and development eg high tech. industry) • [GNP (Gross National Product) is the dollar value of all goods and services produced in a nation's economy, including goods and services produced abroad. • GDP (Gross Domestic Product) is the total dollar value of all goods and services produced within a nation.] • Technological improvement • Social, cultural, and political freedom • Justice • Sustainable development refers to long-term development that improves basic standards of living without compromising future living standards. As the term suggests, it involves management and conservation of resources.

24. What criteria is utilized in the UN Human Development Index? • Life Expectancy • Educational Attainment • - Gross Domestic Product per capita (PPP)

25. Describe the pattern of the global hunger.

26. According to the Gini-co-efficient of income inequality, which region of the world has the lowest income inequality? Scandinavia (eg Sweden – less than 0.25), parts of Central and Western Europe (0.25-0.29)Recall: 0 = complete equality 1 = complete inequality (one person has all the income or consumption) Regions with the highest level of inequality? Parts of Central Africa (eg Central African Republic >0.60) and Southern Africa (eg South Africa >0.60) and parts of South America (eg Brazil 0.55-0.59)

28. While inequality is increasing in parts of the world (eg the United States and China), globally it is falling. Why? Poor countries on average are growing faster economically than rich ones, resulting in an overall decrease in the GINI coefficient. In the context of the USA, the rising inequality is largely due to what? The wealthiest 20% getting richer at a higher rate (eg 1990s - 27% increase) than the poorest 20% of the population (1990s - 10% increase).

29. Some economists argue that inequality was a root cause of the global financial crisis which reached a peak in the Fall of 2008 into early 2009. In what way(s)? - Politicians tried to counter the growing gap between rich and poor by encouraging poorer citizens to take on more credit (eg “Community Reinvestment Act” in the USA giving sub-prime loans to people to buy homes that they really could not afford once interest rates rose)- Inequality perverts politics, Wall Street’s influence in Washington resulted in huge bailouts for large financial institutions (see US Financial Crisis Web handout)

30. How has the traditionally high level of inequality in Brazil started to be reduced? - incomes of the poor boosted due to rapid economic growth (i.e. NIC status)- improvements to the public social-safety net without raising taxes for the rich

31. What is cited as a main cause of China’s inequality? • The hukou system of residence permits- city hukou: can live and work there freely- rural hukou: can only come to a city as a guest worker – often cannot use public schools and clinics, barred from public housing; if protest – can be deported back to the countryside = a barrier to migration to the city • Of any big country, China has the biggest disparity between rural and urban incomes with city-dwellers making 2.5 times as much. • 400 million people still live on less than $2 a day.

32. On the other hand, China’s emphasis on the international trade approach to development fostered by the designation of ________________________________________________ especially along the coast has helped to lift _________________ people out of poverty. Special Economic Zones or Export Processing Zones 500 million How many people do migrate from the rural areas to urban areas to work? 150 million Why may rural vs. urban inequality have peaked in China? Need for Rural labour is becoming more in demand = clout for higher wages; noticed esp. when workers laid off from city factories during global economic slowdown (2008-2009) returned home .

33. Outline some of the environmental concerns associated with the rapid industrialization in China? • < 10% of China’s land overall is arable; Since 1997, 10% of China’s arable land has been lost to industrialization • need to grow more food on less land • to get higher yields, use more chemical fertilizers and pesticides (i.e. twice as much as western farmers) • irrigation water is contaminated; many crops not edible according to western food safety standards • Pollution (i.e. untreated domestic sewage and industrial effluent) is decreasing supplies and quality of fish and other seafood; demand is now exceeding supply • 300 million people use contanimated water daily; cancer village hot spots • Lack of enforcement of environmental laws • Air pollution – 16 of the world’s 20 most polluted cities – high SO2and NOx levels (acid rain), particulate matter, ground level ozone • Desertification spreading on northern loess plateau

34. How much has wealth per person increased in the last decade in India? - 150% from $2000 to $5000 Why do some Indians frown at the new wealthy class? - They send their children to private school - They have their own water and electricity so they do not notice how bad the government is at providing these items and education to the other 1.2 billion Indians Why do others consider them heroes? - Created huge export industry out of nothing (eg software moguls) and spurred the nation’s economy; provided jobs - Provided hope and inspiration to others that they might do better as well - In much of India, life is getting perceptibly better

35. One of the UN Millennium Development Goals is to have MEDCs commit to giving ____% of their GDP per year to foreign aid no later than 2015. 0.7 How much does the Canadian government currently give in foreign aid? 0.35% of GDP These figures though do not include ___________________________________________ Private donations to charities / NGOs.

36. The goal to cut in half the proportion of people living in extreme poverty (i.e. less than $1 per day in 1990; $1.25 now) by 2015 is likely to be met due to: - Economic Progress in China and India However, in which regions are there still considerable concerns regarding extreme poverty and hunger? Sub-Saharan Africa and Western Asia

37. What are some of the factors contributing to a lack of progress in many of the UN MDGs? - Many MEDCs not contributing 0.7% of GDP in foreign aid; MEDCs counter argue that they have been hit hard by the 2008-2009 global economic recession + LEDCs not always effective partners due to corruption and poor governance.\ - UN argues that aid needs to be pooled into global funds that support programs designed by developing nations themselves - Inferior position of women and girls in many poor nations – status of women has a huge impact on MDGs related to children, health, and education - Burden of foreign debt on many LEDCs - Trade regimes that do not allow poor economies to gain access to markets that could improve their economies - LEDCs need to improve land registration and tax collection (i.e. reduce the informal sector) and make sure that the economic growth benefits the poor

38. List four strategies to help reduce disparities between the developed world and developing nations (Note: For the IB Exam, be able to explain and cite examples for each of these + evaluate the strategies) • Reduce barriers to access to trade markets for LEDCs (i.e. promote free trade internationally) • Promote fair / ethical trade eg for commodities such as coffee • Debt relief for LEDCs • Greater foreign aid; microfinancing, appropriate technology • Remittances

39. Unit 3 – Patterns in environmental quality and sustainability - Also view the global warming PP from grade 11 again; posted on the website

40. Average global temperature has risen by ____°C over the last 100 years. In the Mackenzie River Basin of the Arctic of Canada though, it has risen by ____°C 0.6 2.0

41. Under the Kyoto Accord (signed in 1997 but was not ratified globally until 2005), major industrialized countries (i.e. MEDCs) agreed to an average cut in their greenhouse gas emissions of _____relative to 1990 by 2012. 5.2% 6 Canada committed to a ____% cut relative to 1990.

42. How did Canada do in terms of its Kyoto target? 27% 2006? ______ above 1990 levels 20% 2010? ______ above 1990 levels Decline from 2006 to 2010 due in large part to...? The recession of late 2008-2009.

43. Have the MEDCs collectively met their target? Yes and exceeded, 7.2% cut relative to 1990. But, global emissions have gone up approx.____% since 1990. Why? 45 No reduction targets for NICs under Kyoto.eg India up 180%, China up 257%. What % of the world’s energy budget is from fossil fuels? 80%

44. Define physical water scarcity. Where water resource development is approaching or has exceeded unsustainable levels; it relates water availability to water demand and implies that arid areas are not necessarily water scarce (IB specific definition – Course Outline). Other Definition: occurs where water consumption exceeds 60% of the usable supply. To help meet water needs, some countries such as Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates including Dubai import much of their food and invest in desalinization plants. Define economic water scarcity. Where water is available locally but not accessible for human, institutional, or financial capital reasons (IB specific definition – Course Outline). Other Definition: occurs where a country has sufficient water resources to meet its needs but additional storage and transport facilities are required.

46. Give two synonyms for solar energy? Shortwave radiation or insolation. Of the 100% incoming solar radiation in the atmosphere, what % is immediately reflected back into space by the atmosphere, clouds, and earth’s surface? The albedo effect. 30% This is due to what?

48. In the earth’s energy balance, we must include the influence of forcings. Define forcings. Earth-system characteristics that cause the energy budget to shift away from its balanced state. Describe how increasing anthropogenic greenhouse gases in the atmosphere might alter the earth’s energy budget in relation to forcings.

49. More CO2 due to burning fossil fuels causes more longwave radiation to be trapped in the atmosphere heating the earth (i.e. a forcing) • More heat = more water vapour evaporated into the atmosphere = more greenhouse gasses = • even more longwave radiation trapped (i.e. positive feedback)

50. How much has the coastline next to Tuktoyaktuk eroded since 1947? 100 metres