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Racial Minorities in U.S. History

Racial Minorities in U.S. History . Richelle Bergley, Deirdra Brummer, Kendra Pittman, Daisy Deely. Racial Minorities in the U.S.

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Racial Minorities in U.S. History

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  1. Racial Minorities in U.S. History Richelle Bergley, Deirdra Brummer, Kendra Pittman, Daisy Deely

  2. Racial Minorities in the U.S. • Race consciousness, and its articulation in theories of race, is largely a modern phenomenon. When Europeans explorers in the New World “discovered” people who looked different than themselves, these “natives” challenged then existing conceptions of the origins of the human species, and raised disturbing questions as to whether all could be considered in the same “family of man” (p. 51, Matrix Reader).

  3. Native American & Alaska Natives

  4. Common Stereotypes and Images: • Wise elder • Brave warrior • Indian princess • Loyal sidekick • Tracker and hunter • Nature lovers or devoted environmentalists • Generous givers- positive and negative connotations • Obese • Impoverished • Alcoholics • Casinos • Noble Savage • Red skins • Tepees, Feathers and Pipes • Reservations

  5. Recognizing that variety exists • There are 565 recognized tribal nations in the United States today, and several that are no longer recognized officially. • Each tribe has its own language, oral history and culture that makes it unique. • Historically, some tribes like fought back against the oppression while the white settlers were trying to force them to assimilate, while others were considered success stories. • Ex: 5 civilized tribes • Each individual feels a different level of acculturation to their Native American heritage vs. Western Culture. • Some of these stereotypes are embraced by individuals and are seen as honorable, while others are completely offensive.

  6. European American Colonization • Epidemic Diseases • Major cause of death among Native Americans • Biological Warfare • Unintentional at first, God used as a justification. • Small Pox infected blankets used to wipe out entire village • Native people did not have immunity built up for the diseases introduced by Europeans settlers. • Mass spread of venereal disease. • Genocide • Columbus • “Since the Indians were better woodsman than the English and virtually impossible to track down, the method was to feign peaceful intentions, let them settle down and plant their corn wherever they chose, and then, fall upon them, killing as many as possible and burning the corn…” – Edmund Morgan in People’s History • Body mutilation- skinning • Estimated 4.4 -12.5 million indigenous people in North America before colonization. • ~250,000 left at the turn of the 20th Century. • Internal Warfare • Enslavement • Small scale in comparison to African Americans • White slave traders quickly realized that Indians could escape from enslavement because they knew the land. • Intermarriage • Rape of women • ‘when Indian women are safely under the control of white men, they “are neat, and tidy, and industrious and soon learn to discharge domestic duties properly and creditably”’(The Matrix, pp.285).

  7. Indian Removal Act of 1830 The decades of forced removal from homelands to the new reservation areas was called the Trail of Tears. Camp of Auk Indians, Alaska 1896

  8. “Kill the Indian, save the man.” Indian Boarding School Movement • After the Civil War, people became convinced that with the proper education, Indians could assimilate into Western culture and become “civilized”. • Mission oriented Christian education • Some schools remained open through the the 1920’s and 30’s. • Took young children from their families as young as 6 years old. • Parents who resisted suffered withheld annuities, rations or jail time. • Poor diet, overcrowding, insufficient medical services, spread of diseases (TB, influenza, measles). • Loss of culture and language

  9. Termination Era • Termination and Relocation Act of 1954- eliminated the federal recognition of several tribal nations across the country. • Effectively meant that reservation land was no longer recognized and that tribal members were viewed as citizens of the United States only. • Identities were stripped from them. • Government gets to decide & control who is considered Native and who is not.

  10. Advocacy • AIM (American Indian Movement)- an activist organization that started in the 1968. • Formed to address Native American issues such as poverty, housing, police harassment, etc. in urban communities in Minneapolis. • BIA urban relocation programs in the 50’s and 60’s. • Consequences • Movement inspired cultural renewal • Cultural activism has led to an expansion of efforts to teach and preserve indigenous languages for younger generations. • Controversy over team mascots. • Since each tribe is its own sovereign nation, advocacy can look different very different depending on the community.

  11. Hispanic/Latino population: Social terms • Hispanic: Spanishspeaking • Latino: FromLatinAmerica • Whichtermispoliticallycorrect? • Chicano/a: Someoneborn and raised in the US butis of Mexicandesendence

  12. Steroetypesabout Latinos • Every Latino isMexican • Sombreros, mustaches, panchos • Homogeneous culture • All latinos havedark skin • Immigrant • Being “illegal” • Uneducated • Can’tspeakEnglish • Farmer/Gardener • Stealing American jobs • Abusingthesystem • Theydon’tpaytaxes • Gender roles/Machismo • Spanishspeaking • Drug/Alcohol abuse • Gangs/violence

  13. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7shrRIkzYu4&feature=related

  14. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jrowk04bqZM&feature=related

  15. Latinos living in the US • Latinos make up 16% of the total U.S. population and 23% of the population under age 18 (2010 Census). • The Latino population has grown immensely over the past decade • http://www.nclr.org/webstats2011/StatPlanet.html

  16. VarietywithinPopulation • Accents and type of Spanishspoken: 22 Spanishspeakingcountries in LatinAmerica • Each country in LatinAmerica has itsowncultureand traditions: food, music, dance, fiestas, ect. • Indigenouspopulationsexist in each country in LatinAmerica • Allcolors of peopleexist in Latinos: white, black, brown, ect. • Varyinglevels of education, jobs, backgrounds and experiences.

  17. History of Opression in the US • Mexican-American war 1848: US “buys” landfromMexico. California, Nevada, Utah, Colorado, Arizona and New Mexico (theyhadalreadypreviouslyaquired Texas in 1845) • Withoutdocumentation, can’taccessgovernmental social services • Arizona: Racial profilinglaw and ethinicstudiesprogram/bookbanning

  18. Advocacyfor Latinos • The Chicano/a civil rightsmovement, 1960s • Doe vs Plyer • TheDREAM act • National Council of La Raza: WorkingtoimproveopportunitiesforHispanicAmericans. “TheLargestnational Latino civil rights and advocacyorganization in theUnitedStates.”

  19. Asians labeled as“Yellow Terror” or “The Oriental Menace”

  20. “Yellow Terror” or “The Oriental Menace” • Late 1880’s : Machines were changing everything. • Competitive tensions between Whites and Chinese began during the California Gold Rush in the late 1840’s-50’s • European and Chinese immigrants came over to be part of the factory and labor force • The first transcontinental railroad constructed by ~3,000 Irish and ~10,000 Chinese over a period of 4 years (p. 254, People’s History) • The establishment of capitalism • More people dependent upon wage-paying jobs for survival needs • Competition for jobs became a major political issue on the West Coast • Chinese Exclusion Act 1882: Tension on the West Coast

  21. WWII Japanese seen as the enemy Political cartoon “Waiting for the Signal from Home” by Dr. Seuss. This was released to the Public just before internment camps scooped up Japanese Bainbridge Island was the first to have military trucks drive door to door, collecting a total of 275 people

  22. Japanese Internment • Attack on Pearl Harbor » racial prejudice intensified, rumors of sabotage of the War effort caused tension • ~110,000 Japanese Americans collected into internment camps • Applied to part Japanese- needed to have at least one-sixteenth Japanese ancestry (Kennedy, 2006) • Allowed local military commanders to designate "military areas" as "exclusion zones," from which "any or all persons may be excluded" • This massive uprooting meant that many were forced to sell business, property at a severe loss financially and emotionally • Still allowed Japanese Americans to fight in the war effort. ~22,000 joined the armed forces

  23. Pvt. Danny Chen, 1992-2011How hate effects us all “A critical first step in thinking about ways in which we can effect long-term social change is to acknowledge the manner in which we are all implicated either directly or indirectly in structures on inequality” (Herrara, p. 517)

  24. Middle Eastern Americans • Video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NutFkykjmbM • Feb 13th 2011 in Yorba Linda California • An event through ICNA Relief (American Muslim Relief Organization)to raise money for women shelters and homelessness.

  25. Stereotypes of Middle Eastern Americans • People from the Middle East are Terrorists • “Stupid Terrorists! Go home, go home “go home!” • “I know a few marines who would be happy to help these terrorists to an early meeting in paradise” • Councilwoman Debroah Pauly • Became popular in 1970-1980s • Oklahoma City Bombing •  “Indeed, the most deadly terrorists in American history have arguably been American-born radical Christians, such as the perpetrators of the bombing of the Murrah building in Oklahoma City or the Ku Klux Klan and similar Christian white supremacist organizations that remained active throughout the twentieth century. But these American-born, Christian terrorists have never constituted a radicalized threat for American politicians and their supporters among the commentariat” (Love, 2009, p. 412).

  26. Stereotypes of Middle Eastern Americans • Middle Eastern Culture is oppressive towards women • “You beat your women and you rape your children” • Rights of women are dependent upon the country • Some countries believe a woman’s role is in the home and is the caretaker. • Other countries believe women should have equal rights and independence to make their own decisions without restrictions from the law or family. • In most Middle Eastern countries: • Women can vote • Work outside the home • Run for office

  27. Stereotypes of Middle Eastern Americans • Religious Practices and Place of Origin • “Muhammad was a terrorist, Muhammad was a pervert” “Muhammad was a fraud” • “One Nation Under God, Not Allah” We don’t want you here, Go home” • “USA, USA, USA, Go back home, Go back home” • Middle Eastern Individuals are Muslims • The majority of Muslims live outside the Middle East • Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, India, and Pakistan. • Muslim Religion cannot be easily categorized • Middle East is composed of several countries in Europe, Africa and Asia • Muslim and Arabs are the same • Muslim: one who practices Islam • Arab: One who speaks Arabic and identifies themselves as an Arab. • Middle Eastern Americans are diverse in religions and countries

  28. History of Middle Eastern Americans • Most significant migration of Middle Eastern Americans began during the late 19th century. • Immigration Act of 1917 • In 1965, racist limits on immigration were removed. • 1970’s: The first radicalized images of Middle Eastern Americans occurred. • These are the same type of images used today to describe Middle Eastern Americans • 1996 Anti-Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act • September 11th2001 and the Patriot Act http://www.google.com/imgres?q=oil+sheik+cartoon&hl=en&client=firefox-a&hs=0vO&sa=X&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&biw=1041&bih=812&tbm=isch&prmd=imvnsb&tbnid=j01jOw5wP6vcrM:&imgrefurl=http://www.istockphoto.com/stock-illustration-5797811-sheik-cartoon-man-oil-warning-sign.php&docid=bthYa8_sdj6OYM&itg=1&imgurl=http://i.istockimg.com/file_thumbview_approve/5797811/2/stock-illustration-5797811-sheik-cartoon-man-oil-warning-sign.jpg&w=333&h=380&ei=7apLT_7NAavRiAKstN2UBQ&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=331&vpy=134&dur=1059&hovh=240&hovw=210&tx=93&ty=105&sig=109439669262557777421&page=1&tbnh=150&tbnw=146&start=0&ndsp=20&ved=1t:429,r:1,s:0

  29. Islamaphobia • An irrational fear, prejudice or hatred towards Islam or Muslims. • Affects a wide array of groups • Religions: Christianity, Judaism, and Islam • Countries: North Africa & Western and Southern Asia

  30. Advocacy Groups • CAMERA: Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in the USA • Teach Middle East • American Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee • Council for American Islamic Relations • Some of these organizations have received scrutiny for their affiliation with Islam faith and the Middle East.

  31. Conclusion…Becoming an ally • “Because we are all implicated in this larger system of oppression, privilege, and inequality, we all possess the potential to become activists both in our daily lives and within our broader community and work-places, regardless of our social locations” (p. 520, Herrera). • Choose not to participate but to respect others and the variety within all groups

  32. References: Native Americans • AIM Movement Grand Governing Council. (1973). Retrieved from http://www.aimovement.org/ggc/index.html • Marr, C.J. Assimilation Through Education: Indian Boarding Schools in the Pacific Northwest. Retrieved from http://content.lib.washington.edu/aipnw/marr.html#author • McFarland, B.H., Gabriel, R.M., Bigelow, D.A., & Walker, R. (2006). Organization and Financing of Alcohol and Substance Abuse Programs for American Indians and Alaska Natives. American Journal Of Public Health, 96 (8), 1469-1477. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2004.050575 • Szlemko, W.J., Wood, J.W., & Thurman, P. (2006). Native Americans and Alcohol: Past, Present, and Future. Journal Of General Psychology, 133(4), 435-451. doi:10.3200/GENP.133.4.435-451 • Washburn, W.E., Trigger, B.G. (1996) The Cambridge history of the Native Peoples of the Americas. Chapter 2: Native Peoples in Euro-American historiography. • Wilkins, D.E. (2008). The Cambridge History of Law in America (Vol.2). Federal Policy, Western Movement, and consequences for indigenous people, 1790-1920. • Photographs: • http://www.google.com/imgres?q=racist+cartoons+against+native+americans&hl=en&sa=X&biw=1257&bih=599&tbm=isch&prmd=imvns&tbnid=2WLWreeoflWXMM:&imgrefurl=http://newspaperrock.bluecorncomics.com/2007/04/good-article-on-racist-cartoons.html&docid=w9lv1pm8ptySbM&imgurl=http://www.bluecorncomics.com/pics/peterpan.jpg&w=475&h=424&ei=d7RKT9ukKOGniQKXxPnkCA&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=265&vpy=145&dur=449&hovh=128&hovw=143&tx=110&ty=114&sig=111872178986844832132&page=1&tbnh=128&tbnw=143&start=0&ndsp=21&ved=1t:429,r:1,s:0 • http://content.lib.washington.edu/cdm4/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=/loc&CISOPTR=123&CISOBOX=1&REC=15 • http://content.lib.washington.edu/cdm4/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=/loc&CISOPTR=2123

  33. References: Latino/Hispanic • Rowe, C. (2011, January). Equal Voice Magazine. Issue 1. • http://www.albany.edu/jmmh/vol3/chicano/chicano.html • http://www.google.com/imgres?q=political+cartoons+mexican+immigrants&hl=en&sa=X&biw=865&bih=598&tbm=isch&prmd=imvns&tbnid=19wA-HpSQPrsjM:&imgrefurl=http://www.cartoonstock.com/newscartoons/directory/u/us-mexico_border.asp&docid=hGiobGz5jNzNIM&imgurl=http://www.cartoonstock.com/newscartoons/cartoonists/gfo/lowres/gfon254l.jpg&w=400&h=300&ei=A7dKT8SNLuqniALQiLyWBg&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=401&sig=107634321169818737680&page=1&tbnh=120&tbnw=160&start=0&ndsp=12&ved=1t:429,r:7,s:0&tx=60&ty=13 • http://www.google.com/imgres?q=racist+political+cartoons+mexican+immigrants&hl=en&biw=1280&bih=632&tbm=isch&tbnid=UEy1vpaMrWLfHM:&imgrefurl=http://languageasculturespring11.blogspot.com/2011/04/i-can-haz-english.html&docid=2avMvuj-C5_3dM&imgurl=http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-p-dgKTplXp8/TbY-VXGSkTI/AAAAAAAAADI/k0g3_XYpPJ4/s1600/Taxes%252BCartoon.jpg&w=400&h=318&ei=PbdKT4T5O4bKiALz8b3bDQ&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=967&vpy=298&dur=280&hovh=134&hovw=180&tx=79&ty=82&sig=107634321169818737680&page=1&tbnh=134&tbnw=180&start=0&ndsp=18&ved=1t:429,r:11,s:0 • http://www.google.com/imgres?q=latinos+living+united+states&hl=en&sa=X&biw=1280&bih=632&tbm=isch&prmd=imvns&tbnid=N4LyduusgD6vZM:&imgrefurl=http://sitemaker.umich.edu/356.haas/who_are_the__latinos_&docid=ySzO5-fv8HARVM&imgurl=http://www.sitemaker.umich.edu/356.haas/files/graph.jpg&w=369&h=333&ei=HblKT9zJEaOLiALOxfHaDQ&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=113&vpy=136&dur=33&hovh=213&hovw=236&tx=88&ty=80&sig=107634321169818737680&page=1&tbnh=127&tbnw=141&start=0&ndsp=19&ved=1t:429,r:0,s:0 • http://www.google.com/imgres?q=latinos+living+united+states&hl=en&sa=X&biw=1280&bih=632&tbm=isch&prmd=imvns&tbnid=Nf5w6WzVEcc5BM:&imgrefurl=http://sitemaker.umich.edu/356.haas/who_are_the__latinos_&docid=ySzO5-fv8HARVM&imgurl=http://www.sitemaker.umich.edu/356.haas/files/us_map.jpg&w=822&h=634&ei=HblKT9zJEaOLiALOxfHaDQ&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=900&sig=107634321169818737680&page=1&tbnh=127&tbnw=165&start=0&ndsp=19&ved=1t:429,r:1,s:0&tx=73&ty=46 • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7shrRIkzYu4&feature=related • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jrowk04bqZM&feature=related

  34. References: Asian Americans • Pictures • http://www.google.com/imgres?q=danny+chen&um=1&hl=en&client=firefox-a&sa=N&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&biw=1280&bih=600&tbm=isch&tbnid=5D5V5ChUcM3oQM:&imgrefurl=http://ceciliawyu.wordpress.com/2012/01/09/danny-chen-2011/&docid=SqL_1Ahj2yRnMM&imgurl=http://ceciliawyu.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/danny-chen.jpeg&w=485&h=372&ei=Y7VKT4HTNeehiQL41KDaDQ&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=415&sig=107634321169818737680&page=1&tbnh=113&tbnw=140&start=0&ndsp=21&ved=1t:429,r:11,s:0&tx=62&ty=65 • http://www.who-sucks.com/people/dr-seuss-sucks-7-racist-cartoons-from-the-doctor • http://historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&file_id=8274 • Information • Gonnerman, J. (2012, January 6). Pvt. Danny Chen 1992-2011. New York Magazine. Retrieved from http://nymag.com/news/features/danny-chen-2012-1/index2.html • Japanese-American relocation. (n.d.). From History Channel online. Retrieved from http://www.history.com/topics/japanese-american-relocation • Kennedy, Ellen Clare (2006). "The Japanese-American Renunciants: Due Process and the Danger of Making Laws During Times of Fear". Japan Policy Research Institute. Retrieved February 10, 2011. • Niiya, Brian. Japanese American History. 1993, p. 54 • Ogawa, Dennis M. and Fox, Jr., Evarts C. (1991). Japanese Americans, from Relocation to Redress. • Ott, J. (2007, September 12).Bainbridge island’s Japanese American residents become the first to be interned under executive order 9066 on March 30, 1942. History Link Online Encyclopdia. Retrieved from http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&file_id=8277

  35. References: Islam/Muslim • (2002). Common western perceptions about islam and the middle east. Retrieved from: • http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/globalconnections/mideast/questions/types/index.ht ml. • (2012). Stereotypes and realities. Retrieved from: http://teachmideast.org/stereotypes.   • (2012). American arab anti discrimination committee. Retrieved from: • http://www.adc.org/about- us/.  • (2012). Council for americanislamic relations. Retrieved from: http://www.cair.com/. • Love, E. (2009). Confronting islamophobia in the united states: Framing civil rights activism • among middle eastern americans. Patterns of Prejudice (43)2,401-425. • Cairsocal (2011, March 2). Hate comes to orange county. Retrieved February, 25, 2012, from: • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NutFkykjmbM. • Schumm, W., Nazarinia, R., R. (2011). Backlash 9/11: Middle eastern and muslimamericans • respond. Journal of American Ethnic History 31(1), 119-121. • Zinn, H. (2003). A peoples history of the united states. New York, NY: Harper Collins • Publishing.

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