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Wars of Religion

Explore the background of France's Wars of Religion and the Habsburg-Valois Wars. Learn about the Concordat of Bologna, Huguenots, Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre, rise of the Politiques, and religious conflict in the Netherlands. Discover how key figures like Henry of Navarre and Phillip II shaped this tumultuous period in European history.

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Wars of Religion

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  1. Wars of Religion

  2. Background on France • Habsburg-Valois Wars – Ended in 1559. • War between Spain and France over control of Italy. (We didn’t talk about this much) • Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis • French Monarchy remained loyal to Rome and Catholic Church. • Concordat of Bologna – Treaty with Pope to allow French Crown to appoint all bishops and abbots. • Significant portion of French were Calvinists. • Known as Huguenots • 10% of population – Mostly in urban areas

  3. Weak Leadership leads to War • King Henry II gets shot in the face. • 3 successive heirs proved feeble and weak. • Lords and Nobles rebelled against this weakness by adopting Protestantism. • Wars broke out between Protestants and Catholics in France. • Over use of sacred images, sacraments, etc • Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre • King Sister Margaret Valois (Catholic) married Henry of Navarre (Protestant) • Attempt at reconcilation • Resulted in massacre of Huguenots by Catholic mobs • Civil War broke out for 15 years

  4. Politiques and Savior of France • French agriculture, commerce, and trade were on the brink of total collapse. • Politiques – Moderates who wanted a strong monarch to emerge and take control. • Wanted religious tolerance of Huguenots • Catherine de’Medici – Wife of Henry II dies. • Henry III – Assassinated. • Henry of Navarre emerges as heir. (also a politique. Also guys whose wedding caused a Civil War) • Henry converts to Catholicism (Becomes Henry IV) • Issues Edict of Nantes – Religious liberty to Huguenots.

  5. Netherlands – Religious Conflict • Charles V – Holy Roman Emperor abdicates the throne following the Peace of Augsburg. • Leaves control of the Spanish Empire to his son Phillip II. • The Netherlands (Low Countries) were loosely associated cities. • Protestant ideas, especially Calvinism took hold. • Riots and revolts against Catholic Church • Phillip II – Super Catholic Spaniard decides to fix this. • Sends Duke of Alva to handle situation. • “Council of Blood” – Tribunal that led to the death of 1500 Protestants. • He’s also engaged in war with Elizabeth I in England with the Spanish Armada • These actions reaffirmed Catholicism was bad and also Spanish rule was bad. • Civil War Breaks out • 10 Southern Provinces (Modern Day Belgium) stays under Spain • 7 Northern Provinces (Modern Day Netherlands) stays Protestant and declares Independence as the Union of Utrecht.

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