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Unit Three

Unit Three. Word-formation. Index. General introduction. Classify words. Compounding ( 有两个或更多的词合成一个词 ). prefix. Derivation introduction ( 在词根上加上前、后缀构成另外一个词 ). suffix. Conversion ( 将一种词性转化成另一种词性 ). Practice. Traveling light. well i was doubling over the load on my shoulders

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Unit Three

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  1. Unit Three Word-formation

  2. Index Generalintroduction Classifywords Compounding (有两个或更多的词合成一个词) prefix Derivationintroduction (在词根上加上前、后缀构成另外一个词) suffix Conversion (将一种词性转化成另一种词性) Practice

  3. Traveling light well i was doubling over the load on my shoulders was a weight I carried with me everyday crossing miles of frustrations and rivers a raging picking up stones I found along the way I staggered and I stumbled down pathways of trouble I was hauling those souvenirs of misery and with each step taken my back was breaking till i found the one who took it all from me

  4. down by theriverside down by the riverside i laid my burdens down now i'm traveling light my spirit lifted high i found my freedom now and i'm traveling light through thedarkestalleys and loneliest valleys i was dragging those heavy chains of doubt and fear then with the one word spoken the lockswere broken now he's leading me to placeswhere there are no tears down by the riverside i laid my burdens down now i'm traveling light my spirit lifted high i found my freedom now and i'm traveling light

  5. Classify:pathway freedom darkest place frustration lock everyday riverside loneliest 合成词(有两个或更多的词合成一个词): everydaypathwayriverside 派生词(在词根上加上前、后缀构成另外一个词): frustrationdarkestloneliestfreedom 转化词(将一种词性转化成另一种词性): lockplace

  6. 构词法 合成(Compounding) { 构词法： 派生法(Derivation) 【前缀/后缀】 转化法(Conversion) 【词性转换】

  7. 合成词 Compounding pain-killer 止痛药 ＋ ＝

  8. color- blind 色盲 ＋ ＝

  9. sleep-walk 梦游 ＋ ＝ sleep-walker

  10. 1. 合成名词 (1) n+n air conditioner blood pressure income tax credit card laser bomb (2) adj + n central bank fast food 空调 血压 所得税 信用卡 激光炸弹 中央银行 快餐

  11. 太阳系 遥控 热线 洗衣机 驾驶执照 副产品 主编 solar system remote control hot line (3) v-ing +另一词 washing machine driving license (4) 其他方式 by-product editor-in-chief

  12. 2.合成形容词 (1) 过去分词或带ed词尾的词构成。 absent-minded grey-haired (2) 动词的ing 或另一词构成 long-suffering far-reaching 心不在焉的 头发灰白的 长期受苦的 深远的(影响)

  13. 吃得太多 看孩子 一无所获的 3. 合成动词及合成副词 overeat baby-sit empty-handed

  14. 派生词(derivation) • 加前缀： happy --- ___happy • 加后缀： develop --- develop_____ • 既加前缀又加后缀： employ ---___employ______ un ment un ment

  15. 派生法(Derivation)---词缀法 1. 前缀: Pre-reading, preview, prepay Pre- (前) Rewrite, reconsider, reuse Re- (重新)

  16. dis- (不) disagree, dislike, disappear incorrectimpossible in/im- (不) misunderstand, mislead mis –(错误/失当) mal-(坏/不良/错误) malformed，malefactor malfunction super- (超级) supermarket,superman mini-(微小) miniskirt,minibus

  17. Macro (大的，长的) • Macrobiotic，macroeconomics，macrocosm • Neo- (新的) • neonatal，neologism，neolithic • pan- (全，总，泛) pantheism（泛神论）， pantheistic，panorama（全景画，全景照片） Atheism [‘eɪθiɪzəm]

  18. postwar, post-reading post–(之后) semicircle, semi-final fore-(前, 预先) foretell, forecast semi-(半, 部分) anti- (阻止, 抗) antiwar, anti-Japanesewar under- (在……下, 在……中) underground, under-develop

  19. 常见的后缀 1. 名词后缀 ： -er -or -tion -ment -ity -ist -hood-ion 请将以下单词和上列相应的后缀相连，组成新词： work, educate, develop, visit, satisfy, teach, sail, able, piano, art, child, brother, act, solute, conclude, move, possible

  20. teacher, worker visitor, sailor education, satisfaction development, movement 1.名词后缀： -er -or -tion -ment

  21. 名词后缀 ： -ity -ist -hood -ion ability, possibility pianist, artist childhood, brotherhood action, solution, conclusion

  22. dangerous, humorous helpful, careful comfortable, responsible 2.形容词后缀： -ous -ful -able, -ible -ant, -ent -ary important, excellent military, voluntary

  23. 3. 副词性的词缀： -ly -wards quickly, softly, yearly backwards, forwards

  24. Eg. 词根 duc，duct 引导 educate e- 出，duc 引导， -ate 动词后缀 “引导出来”，“由愚昧中引导出来” → 教导出来 → 教育 →education→educational →educationalist → educable →educator

  25. 转化法Conversion 英语中有些单词,词形不变, 词性 却可以由一种转化成另一种。 一个单词由某一种词类转用为另 一种词类, 这就是转化。 单词转换后的意义往往与未转换 前的意义有密切的联系。 转 化 法 概念 1. 名词和动词之间的转化 2. 形容词转化为动词 3. 名词转化为形容词(副词) 4. 形容词转化为名词 方式

  26. 转化法(Conversion) n. 味道 Ithas a good taste. { taste It tastes very good. v. 尝起来 n. 记录 He broke the record. { record He lies to record something while reading a book. v. 记录

  27. 开车 • water the flower • book a ticket • man a bus • It’s a long wait • John is a cheat • Give me a push, OK? • The poor穷人; the accused被告; the deserted被遗弃的 助我一臂之力

  28. 转化法例释

  29. 转化法例释

  30. 词根 adj. 残疾的 disable independent dependable depend n. 独立的 n. 不可能的 反义 disability incorrect impossible possible possibility 反义 n. correct correction 反义 graduation wrong 近义 WordsBuilding n. mistaken n. mistake graduate 误解 大学生 词根 词根 misunderstand undergraduate understand

  31. 词根 adj. 残疾的 n. 独立的 不可能的 反义 n. 反义 n. correct 反义 近义 Words Building n. n. 误解 词根 词根 大学生

  32. root adj 残疾的 dependable independent depend disable n 独立的 不可能的 n disability O incorrect impossible possible possibility O n correction 教育 表达 correct education expression S wrong 副标题 总是 subtitle subway always S 地铁 graduation mistaken underway sideways n n 地下通道 mistake graduate underground 误解 地下的 root root 大学生 misunderstand understand undergraduate

  33. Other word-formation Abbreviation Back-formation onomatopoeia Clipped word Initialism Acronym blending

  34. Clipping 缩写 • A. word clipping 单词缩写 • Clipping the front, back or both. • telephone phone • advertisement ad • discotheque迪斯科舞厅  disco • influenza流感  flu • refrigerator冰箱  fridge

  35. B. Phrase clipping句子缩写 • Pub (public house酒吧) • zoo (zoological garden动物园) • Pop (popular music流行音乐)

  36. Acronymy首字母缩略法 • A. Initialisms首字母缩略词 • UN联合国（United Nations）； 硝酸铀铣（Uranyl Nitrate） • IOC国际奥林匹克委员会（International Olympic Committee）； 国际海洋学委员会（International Oceanographic Commission）； 输入/输出控制器（Input/Output Controller）

  37. UFO 不明飞行物（Unidentified Flying Object） • TV电视（television） • IMF International Monetary Fund (联合国)国际货币基金组织[亦作 I.M.F.] C/O产地证明书（certificate of origin）； 由...转交 • TB 肺结核, 肺炎 • TOEFL托福考试 • H-bomb 氢弹

  38. care of (由…转交) tuberculosis 肺炎[tjʊ,bɜːkjʊ'ləʊsɪs] 托福(Test of English as a Foreign Language) 氢弹(hydrogen bomb)

  39. B. Acronyms首字母缩略词 Words formed from initial letters but pronounced as a normal word. • NATO 北大西洋公约组织 （North Atlantic Treaty Organization） • Radar(radio detecting and ranging)【雷达】雷达，无线电探测器 • TEFL 作为外语的英语教学 （Teaching English as a Foreign Language）

  40. CD ( compact disk) • CCTV ( China Central Television) • NBA (National Basketball Association) • UN ( United Nations) • ID ( identification)

  41. Blending（拼缀法） Parts of 2 words are put together. • Smog 烟雾 -- Smoke+fog • botel水上旅馆['bəʊtl] --boat+hotel

  42. Exercise: Tell us how the following are formed and what they mean: Chunnel 隧道 Sitcom 情景喜剧 Comsat 通讯卫星 Brunch 早午餐

  43. backformation(逆生法) • Television n. 电视，电视机；电视业 televise vt. 用电视播放 vi. 电视播放 • Destruction n. 破坏，毁灭；摧毁 destruct vi. 自毁 n. 自毁 • Beggar n. 乞丐；穷人；家伙 vt. 使贫穷；使沦为乞丐 beg vt. 乞讨；恳求；回避正题 vi. 乞讨；请求

  44. Donation n. 捐款，捐赠物；捐赠 •  donate vt. 捐赠；捐献 vi. 捐赠；捐献 n. 捐赠；捐献 • Automation n. 自动化；自动操作 automate vt. 使自动化，使自动操作 vi. 自动化，自动操作 • Diagnosis n. 诊断 diagnose vt. 诊断；断定 vi. 诊断；判断【过去式diagnosed 过去分词diagnosed 现在分词diagnosing ] • 一般是把(假定的)后缀去掉。

  45. 构词法精练 Use the appropriate form of the words to fill in the blanks. 1. He was one of the best _______ in yesterday’s football match. (play) 2. Look! How _______ Kate is laughing! (happy) 3. It snowed _______ last night and now the streets are covered with snow. (heavy) 4. Edison was a great ________. During his life he had many __________. (invent) players happily heavily inventor inventions

  46. 5. More and more _________ have come to visit China over these years. （foreign） 6. We want ___________ reasons for your failure to help. (satisfy) 7. Please give me some reference work. It will ________ my task. (simple) 8. The boy had the ___________ of being half starved. (appear) 9. The police have __________ a plot against the President. (cover) 10. The doctor said that Mary’s mother needed an _________.(operate) foreigners satisfactory simplify appearance uncovered operation

  47. 11. She hoped that her son would become a _________. (music) 12. Few ________ words made us excited. (speak) 13. The days on the moon get hotter than ________ water. (boil) 14. Thank you for your _________. (kind) 15. Many college students work while they are studying because they want to make some money for their college _________ . (expensive) 16. Most international _________ letters are written in English, too. (busy) musician spoken boiling kindness expenses business

  48. 17. The boy noticed an ___________ mistake on his paper, but he decided not to say anything about it. (correct) 18. When in Rome, do as the ________ do. (Rome) 19. The teacher was pleased with her _______. (honest) 20. The mother didn’t know why her daughter was crying _______. (noise) uncorrected Romans honesty noisily

  49. 附：类比构词（Word-Formation by Analogy） • 类比构词是英语中一种有趣而又实用的构词方式。 • 构词特点是，以某个同类词为模式，在语义上进行联想类比，替换其中某个词素，构造出与之对应或类似的新词来。 • 例如：work-aholic（工作迷） alcoholic（嗜酒者） • seajack（海上劫持） skyjack（空中劫持） hijack （拦路抢劫） hijacker（强盗） 从原形词与类比词的联系来看，英语类比构词大致可分以下三大类：

  50. 一.数字、色彩类比 • 数字类比: 例如，美国总统夫人在英语中称First Lady（第一夫人），通过该词美国人又联想类比出 Fist Family（第一家庭）。First Mother（第一母亲）等词。就连总统的爱犬也身价倍增，获得了First Dog（第一狗）的殊荣，可谓一人得道，鸡犬升天。

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