CH. 8 CANADA SHIFTS FOCUS: 1980 & BEYOND

1. CH. 8CANADA SHIFTS FOCUS:1980 & BEYOND

2. POPULAR CULTURE‘THE 80s’ Teen Music Fashion Gen X & Y See p. 243 Fig. 8-4 X = Born after Boomers 1965-76 Y = Born 1970-90 (Techies) ‘Boomers’ = Yuppies

3. ABORIGINAL BACKGROUND Treaties with the Native Peoples • Settlement of the west would not be possible without treaties and 1896 Indian Act (See next slide). • Treaty conditions were often ignored. • Unkept promises =>Farm equipment, supplies, farming techniques. • Reserve land often small & poor land. • Gov’t dependency increased. • Between 1874-1877, 7 treaties signed. Where is B.C.???? Mcdonald’s ‘Sea to Sea’ dream needed land.

4. 1876 Indian Act 2008 Harper gave Federal Apology • 1876 = Indian Act • Natives to live on reserves. • Children to attend residential schools. • Propaganda Video vs. Reality Video • Missionaries sent to encourage treaties.

5. ABORIGINAL CHANGES 1969 White Paper Ab. Rights & Veto Indian Act Encouraged Aboriginals To leave reserves Viewed as an attack Good enough for war…… White Paper abandoned for Red Paper – Self Gov’t, Right to Vote 1960

6. THE FIGHT FOR ABORIGINAL RIGHTS • The Legacy of Residential Schools • 1970-2008 = apologies (Church & Gov’t) • Self government • 1982 = Assembly of First Nations • Land Claims • Royal Proclamation of 1763 – How binding?? • Nunavut • 1999 Inuit = political control. (largest treaty ever) • The Royal Commission (1991) • Results – 1in 4 live in poverty, live 5.2 yrs shorter, 50 % unemployment > Canada Failed!! OAKA CRISIS Mohawks fought to protect land city council passed for a golf course

7. 1960s & 70s QUEBEC 60s & 70s = BIRTH OF SEPARATISM 1960s Quebec felt Fr. Injustices?? (English, Schools, $, Politicians, etc. ) Many pushed for a separate Fr. State. FLQgained support Support Grew / Antics???? 1970 – OCTOBER CRISIS Kidnapped Brt. Diplomat J. Cross Demands – Free FLQ prisoners (No) - Read FLQ Manifesto (Yes) Kidnapped Labour Min. P. Laporte Trudeau imposed WMA (Controversy???) Locked down Montreal – Arrested FLQ members “Just Watch Me” - Trudeau Laporte found murdered in trunk. 60 days later Cross released after passage to Cuba. Most arrests were released without charge 1960 - LESAGE - Liberal QUEBEC NATIONALISM ‘Time for a change’ No corruption / Yes to merit Quiet Revolution Modernize – economy, pol., ed., & culture. (Church decline) Bombed Mailboxes PARTI QUEBECOIS (PQ) – 1967 LEVESQUE – Quebec & Can. should divorce. Separatist Trudeau Imposed WMA LEVESQUE – 1976 BILL 101 Fr. Lang., ed., signs Eng felt 101= oppression BOURASSA - 1970 BILL 22 – Fr. = only lang. Forced many Eng. out of prov. Laporte Murdered

8. POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT THE PRIME MINISTERS

9. CONSTITUTION & DISCORD • THE 1980 REFERENDUM / QUEBEC SOVEREIGNTY • The Deal – Sovereignty with Free Trade, common currency, common tariffs. - Quebec voted NO. • PATRIATING THE CONSTITUTION • Trudeau wanted to change the BNA Act to give Can. Control. • The Amending Formula was difficult. • Problems - Provincial powers, Quebec veto, Western Prov. • Change = 7 of 10 provinces that = 50 % of population. • Quebec angry & protested – flags at half-mast • The Notwithstanding Clause – allowed for Prov. Acts to stand even though against the Charter. • TRUDEAU STEPS DOWN • Turner took over Liberals but lost election to Mulroney (Conservative). Trudeau patriates constitution Without Quebec’s approval • MULRONEY & THE CONSTITUTION • (Continued next page)

10. PM Mulroney MULRONEY & THE CONSTITUTION • MEECH LAKE ACCORD • Mulroney propsed: • Quebec’s ‘Distinct Society’ • Power to provinces – constitutional veto • Critics: - Trudeau claimed ‘two solitudes’ • Aboriginals also wanted ‘Distinct Society’ • Man. & Nfld pulled out & Meech died • Results – Quebec humiliated • Bloc Quebecois formed – separatists (64%) • WITH HONOUR & ENTHUSIASM • -Mulroney wanted to make things right. • Mulroney / Bourassa – renewed Quebec negotiations. • Problem – Other prov. wanted more power. • (Alberta- Oil / Nfld –Fish also Senate powers increased) • Western Alienation – Bombardier / Winnipeg contract (Buy votes??) • - • 1995 REFERENDUM • 49.4% Of Quebec voted to split. • Canada was shocked!!! • PM Chretien made it clear to ‘everyone’ that • separation would come with a price. • Clarity Act – not 50% but a ‘clear majority’ • would be needed for separation. • by 2000, separation seems to have declined. • Note – Separatists Parizeau & Bouchard resirgned. • - Martin replaced Mulroney but would lose • to Harper (Conservative). • CHARLOTTETOWN ACCORD • Like Meech Lake but with: • Aboriginal self-gov’t. • Reformed Senate • equal rep. From all parts of Can. to please west • Canadians voted NO • English felt too much power to Quebec. • French felt west too much Senate & Aboriginals too • power in Quebecs north.

11. 1970 - ECONOMIC CHALLENGES • INFLATION • Organ. Of Petro. Exporting Countries (OPEC) • 1973 = Israeli / Arab war (Can & US sided with Isreal) • Oil embargo = 400% increase. • The price on all goods rose. • Workers wanted higher wages – inflation up. • Dual income families became the norm. • REGIONALISM • REGIONAL DISPARITY • Resource provinces hit hardest / ‘Have’ ; ‘Have-nots’ • Trudeau tried to help with social programs - resentments • WESTERN ALIENATION • The west felt Trudeau’s policies favoured east. • Alberta oil prices fixed by gov’t • they wanted to increase to world levels. • Nat. Energy Program (NEP) to help oil issues. • EXPANDING HORIZONS • Trudeau tried to diversify from Amer. dominated trade. • Limited success. • ENVIRONMENTAL MOVEMENT 1962 • Air, water, soil, pollution • Pesticides – DDT • Business was slow to get on board

12. NEW ECONOMIC IDEAS1980s 1980 = Recession (oil crisis/inflation/high interest rates) The 1950-60s ‘savers’ = spenders (credit cards/consumerism) FREE TRADE AGREEMENT Pros – More US $ - Open US markets - Attract US firms Cons - Lose US branch plants -Can. Business can’t compete with US - Canadian independence? Deal - 1999 = Free Trade - Protect Can. Culture?? - Fair competition?? DEBT CRISIS High unemployment = no taxes Gov’t assistance needed Public services cut Provincial Transfer Payments Cut Deficit Budgets = More Debt PM MULRONEY Trickle Down Effect – Lower Taxes Stimulate Economy / Cut Services Use American $$$$ Note – Trudeau’s FIRA cut American influence 1992 = NAFTA FTA was expanded to Mexico Cheap labour controversy?

13. COLD WAR TIMELINE 1962 CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS 1963 CANADA = BOMARC MISSILES 1966 US TROOPS IN VIETNAM 1973 US OUT OF VIETNAM 1983 STAR WARS / SOVIETS SHOOT KOREAN JET 1989 BERLIN WALL FALLS 1991 USSR COLLAPSES (King) (Pearson) (St. Laurent) (Trudeau) (Mulroney) (’93 Chretien) (‘06 Harper) 1945 WW II ENDS / UN FORMED GOUZENKO AFFAIR 1949 NATO FORMED 1950-53 KOREAN WAR 1955 WARSAW PACT FORMED 1956 SUEZ CANAL CRISIS 1957 NORAD AGREEMENT (Diefenbaker)

14. A MORE INDEPENDENT INTERNATIONAL POLICY World events put the USA and Canada at odds; even the PMs & Presidents disliked one another (Diefenbaler/Kennedy, Pearson/Johnson, & Trudeau/Nixon). . THE ISSUES • THE VIETNAM WAR • -Like Korea, N (Com.). & S. (Democratic ??) divided. • -US feared the ‘Domino Effect’–1st advised then troops • -USSR & China supplied the North =>Tet Offensive • TV outraged Americans & war = controversial. • US angry with lack of Canadian support. • ‘Draft dodgers’ came to Canada • Canadian gov’t = neutral to war • Johnson spoke out against US bombing campaign NUCLEAR WEAPONS Much of Canada was against US nukes Appreciated the American defence & feared Anti-nuke attitude may affect trade relations. • CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS • Castro booted Pro-U.S. dictator. • US Bay of Pigs invasion = failure. • Cuba got nuke help from Soviets. • The world on brink of war. • A last minute deal reached. • No nukes for Cuban safety. • US imposed sanctions on Cuba & • expected Can. to follow. • Diefenbaker was slow – hurt Can./US • relations. • TRUDEAU’S FOREIGN POLICY • Recognized Communist gov’t of China. • Revisted Pearson’s US/Canada defence partnership • Note – In 1984 Trudeau = Peace prize for easing Cold War tensions OTHER KEY EVENTS: CIDA(help underdeveloped), 1979 USSR into Afghanistan(increased Cold War/1980 Olympics boycott)

15. PEACEKEEPINGThe US was now the only superpower left. Good or Bad??? 1990 - THE PERSIAN GULF WAR Saddam Hussein & Iraq invaded Kuwait The UN sent in forces led by US. (First time since Korea the UN attacked the aggressor) Canada also involved Did UN/US move too fast? Sanctions? BUSH = “A New World Order” / UN Police 1991 - DISGRACE IN SOMALIA Canada sent in as peacekeeper during civil war. - Much more aggressive stance. Canadians arrested, beat, killed, teenage boy. Canada’s peace role questioned.

17. CIVIL WAR IN YUGOSLAVIA Post WW II = Communist Tito After his death internal conflict. Serbian president Milosevic = trouble - 1989. UN (Canada) forces sent to keep the peace. NATO = controversial airstrikes against Serbia. 1998 – Serbs ignored peace & moved into Kosovo Albanian Muslims were persecuted, murdered, displaced. NATO attacked!!! Canada took part – Controversy??? NATO - ????? Involvement in domestic affairs???

18. 2001 - THE ATTACKS OF 9-11 Al-Qaeda flew four planes into US buildings. (Twin Towers x 2, Pentagon, Crashed (White House) Bush = War on Terrorism. 2001 - WAR IN AFGHANISTAN US & Brt. went after Osama bin Laden & the Taliban. UN later approved. 2001- Canada entered war – support dwindling. 2003 - THE IRAQ WAR US went after weapons of mass destruction. Many nations (Canada) not convinced & did not go. US was upset!!! No weapons found!!!! OIL??? 2011 – Osama Bin Laden located & shot by US??? (Body dumped at sea days later no pics!)

19. - 1994 - RAWANDA Hutus vs Tutsis When prominent Hutu was killed the Hutus overthrew Tutsi gov’t & the slaughter/ genocide of the Tutsis began. General Romeo Dallaire (Canadian) was brought in to lead UN forces. He pleaded for men & $ but the world Just sat back & watched. Did the world really know????

20. What is the cartoonist suggesting about Canada/UN’s new aggressive policies?

21. NEW ERA OF INTERNATIONAL ACTION