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I.R.N. Goudar* Head, ICAST and Poornima Narayana** Deputy Head, ICAST

Emerging Pricing Models for E-Journals Consortia and Indian Initiatives. I.R.N. Goudar* Head, ICAST and Poornima Narayana** Deputy Head, ICAST Information Centre for Aerospace Science and Technology National Aerospace Laboratories Bangalore – 560 017

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I.R.N. Goudar* Head, ICAST and Poornima Narayana** Deputy Head, ICAST

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  1. Emerging Pricing Models for E-Journals Consortia and Indian Initiatives I.R.N. Goudar* Head, ICAST and Poornima Narayana** Deputy Head, ICAST Information Centre for Aerospace Science and Technology National Aerospace Laboratories Bangalore – 560 017 E-Mail: *goudar@css.nal.res.in ** poornima@css.nal.res.in ICDL-2004

  2. Full text Back issues- Pre-web + PDF files HTML files Advanced search features References linked to full text and related articles Additional colour possible Expanded papers-access to raw data Graphics, video and sound, if required Comprehensive help Alerting Usage statistics for librarians Refereed, but quick Features of an Ideal E-Journal ICDL-2004

  3. Readers Enhanced content critical mass multimedia, more colour, additional data Enhanced functionality powerful search, alerting Seamless access ubiquitous access to past and present Powerful links abstracts to full text Authors Quality imprint journal brand stamp of authority improved visibility Better author service responsiveness faster publication times web-submissions, web peer review Expectations of Customers ICDL-2004

  4. E-Journals: Major Players • Primary publishers • Aggregators • Vendors • Subscription agents • Document delivery agencies • E-print systems ICDL-2004

  5. E-Journal Models • E- journal continues to coexist with its print version. • E-journal replaces its print version. • E-journal gets value addition, but continues to coexist with print. • Print version plus abridged e-version • E-journal only. • E-journal with a facility supply individual articles. • Delayed e-version than its print equivalent. • E-version first and then print. ICDL-2004

  6. Journals Publishing Costs: Print Version • First copy costs more - Marginal costs for rest • Article processing costs very high • Refereeing costs • High marketing and admin costs • Low physical distribution costs ICDL-2004

  7. Journals Publishing Costs: E-Version • Existing Print Costs + New costs: • Content delivery infrastructure Software, hardware & ISP Customer support Access control • New human resource: Production, IT • Marketing costs • New content costs: tables, maths & chemistry symbols • Meta-data costs • Low distribution costs • Service costs ICDL-2004

  8. Experiences of Publishers • Some publishers’ systems not ready for e-only • Parallel publishing environment • Test bed for electronic pricing & consortia policies • Protection of current revenue • Closer to the market (community feedback) • Guarantee of new subscriptions? • VAT • Consistency with consortia overseas • Challenges traditional pricing & ‘selling’ of information ICDL-2004

  9. Consortia Consortia is a Strategic Alliance of Institutions that have Common Interests. Consortia is a Strategic Alliance of Institutions that have Common Interests. So….There is a need for striking the balance between cooperation and competition both among libraries and among publishers. Both publishers and libraries should look for affordable and sustainable economic models based on values. This is where Consortia can play a major play. ICDL-2004

  10. Consortia Challenges • Access control and portals • New price models • Transition to e-only • Perpetual access • Archiving • Tight budgets ICDL-2004

  11. Consortia Goals • Increase the access base More e-Journals • Rational utilization of funds A little more pays a lot • Ensure the continuous subscription • Qualitative resource sharing Effective document delivery service • Avoid price plus models Pay for up-front products not for R&D Continue… ICDL-2004

  12. …Continued Consortia Goals • Improved infrastructure • Enhanced image of the library Visibility for smaller libraries • Improve existing library services Boosting professional image • Harness developments in IT Facilitate building digital libraries • Cost sharing for technical and training support Access from desktops of users • Increase user base ICDL-2004

  13. Consortia Models Participants Oriented Models • Geographical location linked Ex: - Bangalore Special Libraries Group • Libraries in the same discipline Ex: - Aerospace Libraries Group • Libraries belonging to the same parent organization Ex: - CSIR LICs • Libraries of academic organizations Ex: - INFLIBNET ICDL-2004

  14. Consortia Models Purpose Oriented Models • Consortia for accessing electronic journals • Consortia for avoiding duplicate collection • Consortia for training and library workshops ICDL-2004

  15. Consortia Models Client Oriented Models • Clients according to their age Ex: - Children, Senior Citizen • Clients according to their interest Ex: - sports, game • Clients according to their educational background Ex: - Technical, Professional ICDL-2004

  16. Price Influencing Factors • Quantum of business • Number of consortia members • Types of institutions • Contract period • Number of IP enabled nodes • Number of campuses • Value added services • Rights to archive • Perpetual access • Training facilities • Multi year agreement ICDL-2004

  17. Pricing Models: Some Facts No universally acceptable E-journals Pricing and Licensing Models • Varies from publishers to publishers • Varies from same publishers to different customers • Ongoing experimentation • Negotiation possible • Charge for content • Delivery format optional • Increasingly will be based on usage ICDL-2004

  18. Pricing Models in Operation • Bundled – Free with print • AIP, APS, AMS, Elsevier, Wiley • Print as base + surcharge on electronic • Premium payments range from 10-25% • ACS, OSA • Electronic only • Small increase - ACS • Same price - OSA • Discount from print AIP, AMS • Totally unbundled – No discount for both • JBC (P=x, E=y, P+E=x+y) • Free e-version only • Charge for print if required • British Medical Journal Continue… ICDL-2004

  19. …Continued Pricing Models in Operation • Membership/Community Fee • Sponsorship/Advertising/Govt. Funding • Authors funded – Page charges • Usage based pricing • - Concurrent users • - Site population, Based on FTE • All titles of publishers with print optional • Subject clusters • Virtual Journals: Narrow subject from single/multiple collection • Pay–per–view: Credit cards, Deposit accounts • Free completely – Differently funded • Extra fee for software ICDL-2004

  20. …Continued Pricing Models in Operation • Separate Current (1-2 years) + Archive • Extra for value added services • Consortium discount • Number of sites • Consortium surcharge • Access to all consortia titles • All titles of publisher •  Subscription to core titles – Rest pay-per-view • Slice and dice pricing • Single article sales • Deposit accounts • Article bundles • Current and archive subscriptions ICDL-2004

  21. A Lot More for a Little Extra • Access to all titles of publishers for little surcharge • Multi year agreements with fixed annual price cap • Users happy – Wider access • Publishers happy – Guaranteed revenue, greater visibility of titles • But what about non-major publishers? • Discount on multiple print copies ICDL-2004

  22. Library Consortia: Expectations & Experiences • Flexibility for cancellations and multi-year deals • Quick and Simplified Negotiations • Single offers cannot meet all needs • Pricing options desirable • Extended electronic access desirable • Unresolved terms and conditions • Publishers are experimenting with pricing • Clarity on VAT Continue… ICDL-2004

  23. …Continued Library Consortia: Expectations & Experiences • Regional, State, National consortia can be influential • Option for unbundling electronic from print • Mixed views for access to all titles of publishers • Price alone is not the only factor • Standardised licensing • Clear archiving policy • Price including back files • Capped annual inflation ICDL-2004

  24. Consortia Values Libraries Vs Publishers Continue… ICDL-2004

  25. Consortia Values …Continued Libraries Vs Publishers ICDL-2004

  26. Innovative Initiatives • Academic self publishing • Journal of High Energy Physics - SISSA • e-prints (see arXiv.org) • Open Archives Initiative (OAI) • Library initiatives • HighWire Press - U Stanford Library • ‘Digital’ Press • Ingenta, HighWire • Government-funded initiatives • PubMedCentral (NIH), SPARC (ARL) • Archival approaches • JSTOR • Creating online communities, portals • ChemWeb, optics.org, NanoTechWeb • Journal deconstruction • ‘Virtual’ Journals ICDL-2004

  27. E-prints Archives • Initially started as Physics E-Print Archive (www.arxiv.org) - hosted by Los Alamos National Lab and recently moved to Cornell University - supported by academic, government funding • Free at point of use, very popular >265,000 submissions since launch in August 1991 >3500 monthly submissions Usage: 1 to 1.5 connections daily • Subject Covered: Physics, Mathematics, Non-linear Science, Computer Science and Quantitative Biology. Continue… ICDL-2004

  28. …ContinuedE-prints Archives CERN Document Server (http://cdsweb.cern.ch/) • Over 650,000 bibliographic records, including 320,000 full text documents • Particle physics and related areas • Preprints, articles, books, journals, photographs Mathematical Physics Preprint Archive   mp_arc (http://www.ma.utexas.edu/mp_arc/mp_arc-home.html) • mp_arc is an electronic archive from 1991-present • Mathematical Physics and related areas. ICDL-2004

  29. Pricing Models: Issues • Underlying Prices should be publishers’ responsibility. • Pricing should be market- based not formulaic. • Senior scientists/ librarians may resistant to the transition from print to electronic. • Small publishers like professional societies not enthusiastic about consortia pricing. • Publisher – Customer disconnect • Subscription/site vs. transactional choices • Perception: Electronic Costs less than Print • Reality: Electronic + Print costs more than Print ICDL-2004

  30. Trends in Pricing Models • Increasing in numbers offer electronic-only journals • Virtual Journals • Continued experimentation of models • More publishers to offer consortia pricing • More subject specific packages • Price decreasing • More will offer pay-per-view/transactional allowance • Print as ‘add on’: Optional at discounted price • Choice of format and added functionality • Pricing based on size (FTEs, research activity) • Ongoing access to core and occasional to peripheral material • The increasing archive will have a price on it ICDL-2004

  31. Strong Links make Strong Consortia Funding Geographical Coverage Strategic Mission Library Types Consortia Issues Payment Programs Practical Staffing Service Technology Governance Tactical ICDL-2004

  32. Indian Consortia Initiatives • INDEST (IISc, IITs, IIMs, …..)…MHRD • Consortia of IIMs • CSIR Consortia • RGUHS: HELINET • FORSA (Forum for Resource Sharing in Astronomy and Astrophysics) • ICICI- Knowledge Park • ISRO Initiative • INFLIBNET Initiative ICDL-2004

  33. Consortia Constraints Specific to Indian Libraries • Lack of awareness about consortia benefits • Slow acceptance of e-information by the users. • Difficulties in changing the mind setup of librarians • Maintenance and balancing both physical and DL • Inadequate funds • Single point payment • Rigid administrative, financial and auditing rules • Problems of defining asset against payment Continue… ICDL-2004

  34. …ContinuedConsortia Constraints Specific to Indian Libraries • Pay-Per-View not yet acceptable • Uncertainty about the persistence of digital resources. • Lack of infrastructure for accessing electronic sources • Unreliable telecom links and insufficient bandwidth ( But lot of developments in pipeline) • Lack of appropriate bibliographic tools • Lack of trained personnel for new technologies • Absence of strong professional association • Big brother attitude ICDL-2004

  35. To Conclude….. We need to develop: • More workable models • Models that can be understood • Models affordable by libraries • Models sustainable by publishers • and Identify pricing incentives ICDL-2004

  36. Thank You ICDL-2004

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