I. Kingdom Animalia dan Asal Usulnya

1. I. Kingdom AnimaliadanAsalUsulnya

2. Definisi Hewan 1. multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes. 2. Menyimpan karbohidrat dalam bentuk glikogen 3. Selnya terdiri dari struktur yang unik; mis. gap junctions – penghubung intrasellular untuk melewati materi/senyawa dari sel ke sel lainnya 4. Memiliki jaringan yang khusus dalam penghantar impuls (nervous tissue) dan pergerakan (muscle tissue). 5. Sebagian besar reproduksi seksual dengan tahapan diploid mendominasi siklus hidupnya

3. Organel Penyusun Sel Hewan Plant Animal

4. cell membrane - the thin layer of protein and fat that surrounds the cell. The cell membrane is semipermeable, allowing some substances to pass into the cell and blocking others. • centrosome - (also called the "microtubule organizing center") a small body located near the nucleus - it has a dense center and radiating tubules. The centrosomes is where microtubules are made. During cell division (mitosis), the centrosome divides and the two parts move to opposite sides of the dividing cell. The centriole is the dense center of the centrosome. • cytoplasm - the jellylike material outside the cell nucleus in which the organelles are located. • Golgi body - (also called the Golgi apparatus or golgi complex) a flattened, layered, sac-like organelle that looks like a stack of pancakes and is located near the nucleus. It produces the membranes that surround the lysosomes. The Golgi body packages proteins and carbohydrates into membrane-bound vesicles for "export" from the cell. • lysosome - (also called cell vesicles) round organelles surrounded by a membrane and containing digestive enzymes. This is where the digestion of cell nutrients takes place. • mitochondrion - spherical to rod-shaped organelles with a double membrane. The inner membrane is infolded many times, forming a series of projections (called cristae). The mitochondrion converts the energy stored in glucose into ATP (adenosine triphosphate) for the cell. • nuclear membrane - the membrane that surrounds the nucleus. • nucleolus - an organelle within the nucleus - it is where ribosomal RNA is produced. Some cells have more than one nucleolus. • nucleus - spherical body containing many organelles, including the nucleolus. The nucleus controls many of the functions of the cell (by controlling protein synthesis) and contains DNA (in chromosomes). The nucleus is surrounded by the nuclear membrane. • ribosome - small organelles composed of RNA-rich cytoplasmic granules that are sites of protein synthesis. • rough endoplasmic reticulum - (rough ER) a vast system of interconnected, membranous, infolded and convoluted sacks that are located in the cell's cytoplasm (the ER is continuous with the outer nuclear membrane). Rough ER is covered with ribosomes that give it a rough appearance. Rough ER transports materials through the cell and produces proteins in sacks called cisternae (which are sent to the Golgi body, or inserted into the cell membrane). • smooth endoplasmic reticulum - (smooth ER) a vast system of interconnected, membranous, infolded and convoluted tubes that are located in the cell's cytoplasm (the ER is continuous with the outer nuclear membrane). The space within the ER is called the ER lumen. Smooth ER transports materials through the cell. It contains enzymes and produces and digests lipids (fats) and membrane proteins; smooth ER buds off from rough ER, moving the newly-made proteins and lipids to the Golgi body, lysosomes, and membranes. • vacuole - fluid-filled, membrane-surrounded cavities inside a cell. The vacuole fills with food being digested and waste material that is on its way out of the cell.

5. PENGELOMPOKAN HEWAN • Asal Mula • asal mula sebagian besar phylum hewan berdasarkan bentuk tubuh telah ada dari prakambrium era and early Cambrian period of the Paleozoic era (circa 500-600 mya) • ahli sistematik menyetujui kingdom Animalia bersifat monophyletic • fosil hewan prakambrium ditemukan diakhir prakambrium (masa ediakaran) hewan mirip cnidaria, chiton, cacing-cacing dll. • Awal kambrium terjadi ledakan keragaman hewan-hewan dari hewan pertama dengan rangka keras dan bermineral di Burgess Shale British Columbia, Canada dan di Greenland serta di Yunan Cina • Evolusi sangat cepat sampai munculnya mamalia awal di Mesozoikum

7. Jejak evolusi Hewan • 1. body plan = radial symmetryvs bilateral symmetry • Radial symmetry - a circular body plan having a central axis from which structures radiate outward • Bilateral symmetry - a body plan in which the right and left sides of the body are mirror images of each other; central longitudinal plane divides the body into 2 equal but opposite halves

8. 2. cephalization - the development of a distinct head, which has associated with it a brain and various kinds of sensory structures • 3. A change from a simple sac-like body with a single opening at one end to a more complex, elongated body containing a tube called the "gut" with openings at both ends • 4. A change from a tube enclosed in solid tissue toward suspension of the tube in a fluid filled space • 5. An increase in body segmentation- the development of a series of body units, each containing similar sets of muscles, blood vessels, nerves. etc.

9. Pengelompokkan Hewan Berdasarkan filogeni

10. 1. The Parazoa-Eumetazoa Split Two basic kinds of animals evolved early in animal evolution. A.Parazoa("beside the animal")- animals that lack true tissues. e.g., Sponges B.Eumetazoa - animals with well defined tissue layers, e.g., essentially all other animals.

11. 2. The Radiata-Bilateria Split • The eumetazoa are divided into 2 major branches depending on the type of body symmetry • Some organisms exhibit radial symmetry, and are called the Radiata • Other eumetazoa exhibit bilateral symmetry, and are called the Bilateria

12. The Radiata-Bilateria split is also defined by the differences in the number of germ layers that are formed in the embryo during gastrulation • The Radiata are referred to as diploblastic - two germ layers form • Ectoderm- covering the surface of the embryo; gives rise to the epidermis and in some phyla the nervous system. • Endoderm- inner most germ layer; lines the primitive gut; gives rise to the lining of the digestive tract and associated organs, such as the liver and lungs of vertebrates • The Bilateria are triploblastic; in addition to the ectoderm and endoderm they produce a third germ layer, the mesoderm • Mesoderm- germ layer between the ectoderm and the endoderm; gives rise to muscles and to most other organs

13. 3. The Acoelomate-Coelomate Split • A.Acoelomates- animals with solid bodies; there is no body cavity between the gut (endoderm) and the outer body wall. • The other 2 body plans are often referred to as a tube within a tube body plan; a fluid filled sac separate the gut from the outer body wall. • A second important difference between acoelomates and animals having a body cavity is that animals with a body cavity have some sort of blood vascular system

14. B.Pseudocoelomates - animals in which the body cavity is not completely lined with mesodermal tissue • The body cavity is called a pseudocoelom • C.Coelomates- animals that have a fluid filled body cavity that is completely lined with tissue that is derived from the mesoderm. • This kind of body cavity is called the coelom

15. 4. The Protostome-Deuterstome Split Coelomates, can be divided into 2 distinct groups: protostomesand deuterostomes. They are distinguished based upon fundamental differences in early development, including cleavage, fate of the blastopore, and coelom formation

16. A.Cleavage Protostomes - Spiral, determinate cleavage Deuterostomes - Radial, indeterminate cleavage

17. B. Fate of the Blastopore • During gastrulation, the rudimentary gut or archenteron forms; it has a single opening called the blastopore • A second opening forms later at the opposite end of the archenteron to produce a digestive tube with a mouth and anus • Protostomes - the blastopore becomes the mouth • Deuterstomes - the blastopore becomes the anus

18. C. Coelom Formation • Protostomes - coelom formation is called schizocoelous development; coelom forms by splitting of mesoderm • Deuterostomes - coelom formation is called enterocoelous development; coelom forms as outpockets from the endoderm