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D5 Stimulants

D5 Stimulants. Physiological effects Amphetamine and adrenaline ( epinephrine ) Short- and longterm effects of nicotine Effects of caffeine. Physiological effects. Stimulants are chemical substances that enhance the activity of the brain and the central nervous system

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D5 Stimulants

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  1. D5 Stimulants • Physiologicaleffects • Amphetamine and adrenaline (epinephrine) • Short- and longtermeffects of nicotine • Effects of caffeine

  2. Physiologicaleffects • Stimulants are chemical substances that enhance the activity of the brain and the central nervous system • They cause increased alertness and wakefulness. In many cases they also act to decrease appetite.

  3. Sympathomimetic drugs • Chemical substances that mimic the effects of the hormone adrenalin (epinephrine) • Generally they cause constriction of the arteries and increase metabolism • Structurally similar to phenylethylamine adrenaline amphetamine phenylethylamine

  4. Amphetaminederivatives Speed Ecstacy

  5. Amphetamine • Synthesised from ephedrine • Initially used to treat narcolepsy • Issued to airmen in World War II- Wakey-Wakey-pills • Anti-depressants and slimming pills • Regular use can lead to tolerance and dependance • Short-term effects- increase in heart rate and rate of breathing, dilatation of pupils • Long-term effects- weight loss, constipation and emotional instability Ephedra plant

  6. Nicotine • Nicotine is an alkaloid found in the nightshade family of plants (Solanaceae) • It constitutes approximately 0.6–3.0% of dry weight of tobacco

  7. Alkaloids Nitrogen-containingcompoundsfound in plants with heterocyclic rings and a tertiaryamine group Caffeine Cocain Nicotine Ergometrin, cf LSD Morphine

  8. Nicotine - Short Term • Sympathomimetic • Increases concentration and relieves tension • Increases heart rate and blood pressure • Reduction in urine output

  9. Nicotine – Long Term • Highly addictive • Increased risk of heart disease and coronary thrombosis • Increased stomach acid and risk of peptic ulcers • Chronic lung disease • Increased risk of cancer (lung, throat, mouth)

  10. Nicotine - Addiction and Withdrawal • Cessation of smoking difficult • Cravings • Nausea, weight gain, insomnia, irritability, and depression

  11. Caffeine Characteristics • Widely used stimulant found in coffee, chocolate and tea • Added to some pain killers to speed up their effects, e.g. aspirin • Diuretic (frequent urination) • Increases alertness, concentration and restlessness • Can cause anxiety, irritability and sleeplessness

  12. Theobromine • Found in chocolate • Effects similar to caffeine • Although theobromine does not cause harmful effects with humans, it is highly toxic to some domestic animals, including dogs and horses Theobromine Caffeine

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