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THE YOUNG REPUBLIC 1816-1848 Chapter 5

THE YOUNG REPUBLIC 1816-1848 Chapter 5. Section 1 - A Growing Nation Main idea: In the early 1800s, canals, railroads, and new industries transformed the North, while slavery expanded in the South. The Transportation Revolution A. The Erie Canal - completed in 1825.

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THE YOUNG REPUBLIC 1816-1848 Chapter 5

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  1. THE YOUNG REPUBLIC1816-1848Chapter 5

  2. Section 1 - A Growing Nation Main idea: In the early 1800s, canals, railroads, and new industries transformed the North, while slavery expanded in the South.

  3. The Transportation Revolution A. The Erie Canal - completed in 1825

  4. B. The National Road 1. Major east-west highway 2. Cumberland, Md. to Vandalia, Ill. 3. Pioneers took Conestoga wagons westward; farmers took livestock & crops eastward to market.

  5. C. Turnpikes - local, state, private companies; tolls were collected to use the roads. D. Steamboats 1. Robert Fulton - The Clermont 2. Could now go upstream faster, easier.

  6. E. The “Iron Horse” (first one - “Tom Thumb”)

  7. II. Industrialization Sweeps the North A. Industrial Revolution 1. Switch from handmade to machine-made. 2. Started in Great Britain in the textile industry. 3. Samuel Slater violated British law and brought plans of the new machines to the U.S.

  8. B. Lowell in Massachusetts (Lowell Mills) 1. Built huge factory complex w/ a “company town” 2. Mostly young girls from farms worked in the factories.

  9. C. Eli Whitney 1. Invented interchangeable parts for guns. 2. Made possible the assembly line factory.

  10. III. Communication Revolution * Samuel Morse - telegraph and Morse code

  11. IV. Urban Growth A. Factories needed to be located where the labor force was located (in heavily- populated areas) B. More immigrants come to U.S. to work in manufacturing jobs. C. Leads to nativism - fear/dislike of foreigners D. Leads to the Know-Nothing political party. E. More women work. F. Workers organize to demand their rights * Unions are formed strikes!

  12. V. Agriculture - still the #1 economic activity A. Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin; more cotton! B. Most are still yeoman farmers (working farmers; usually not slaveowners)

  13. C. Slave population grows rapidly (even though slave importation was banned in 1808) through natural increase. D. Slave revolts! Example: *Denmark Vesey * Nat Turner

  14. Section 2 - The Age of Jackson Main idea: Sectionalism increased after the War of 1812. Jackson’s election in 1828 ushered in a new era of American politics. The Resurgence of Sectionalism A. There was a balance of slave and free states. B. Territories were applying for statehood. Would they allow slaves or ban slavery??? C. Southern states are nervous about an anti-slavery majority in Congress.

  15. D. Missouri applied to come in as slave state. E. Anti-slavery Americans did not want slavery to spread. F. Missouri Compromise - to keep a balance of free states & slave states. 1. Missouri - admitted as a slave state 2. Maine - admitted as a free state 3. Slavery would be banned in the rest of Louisiana Purchase north of 36/30 line.

  16. II. Andrew Jackson - President in 1828. A. Says he wants to make gov’t to be more “democratic”; give more “ordinary” Americans a chance to participate. B. Spoils system - appointments for gov’t jobs given to people as reward for party loyalty.

  17. C. Nullification crisis * John C. Calhoun (S.C.) said, “States have the right to declare a federal law unconsti- tutional and void (nullify) it.” * Ex: Tariff of 1828 made SC pay more for imported goods from Great Britain. -- SC threatened to secede (leave the Union). -- Tariff is lowered; SC backs down. John C. Calhoun

  18. D. The Indian Removal Act - 1830 * Native Amers would be moved west to less desirable land. * Cherokees refused; US Army force- marched them! Known as Trail of Tears.

  19. Battle between Judicial and Executive Branches The Court has ruled that Georgia cannot legally imprison Worcester. Enforce the law, Mr. Jackson! Worcester v. Georgia - Georgia arrested Worcester (missionary on Cherokee reservation) for encouraging Cherokee to resist Indian removal. Court ruled that Georgia had no right to arrest him on an Indian reservation. Why don’t you just make me, Mr. Marshall!

  20. E. Jackson vs. the Bank of the U.S. * Jackson hated the Bank; said only wealthy stockholders controlled it. * Bank’s charter was expiring; Jackson vetoed the re-charter. * Jackson removed all govt funds from the Bank; it had to close. F. Whigs - new anti-Jackson/Democrat party

  21. “King Andrew I”

  22. Section 3 - The Reform Spirit I. Reforms A. Religious 1. Second Great Awakening (ex: Charles Finney)

  23. 2. Mormons - led by Joseph Smith -- Were persecuted. -- Moved to Utah Territory B. Benevolent societies 1. To combat social problems 2. Overwhelmingly a women’s movement. C. Literary Renaissance * Transcendentalists -- Believed that people could overcome the mind’s limits; emphasized feeling over reason; communed w/ nature.

  24. -- Ex: Ralph Waldo Henry David Emerson Thoreau * Wrote about a uniquely American culture. -- Ex: James Fenimore Cooper; Nathaniel Hawthorne; Herman Melville; Edgar Allen Poe; Walt Whitman. -- Penny Press - inexpensive; more people could afford to buy literature.

  25. D. Social Reform * Groups that were looking for a utopian way to live: -- Brook Farm -- Shakers

  26. * Temperance Movement -- To reduce amt. of liquor consumed; moderation or abstinence.

  27. * Prison reform - Dorothea Dix * Educational Reform -- State funding for public educ. -- Horace Mann -- Push for more educ. opportunities for women.

  28. E. Women’s Movement * Catherine Beecher * Lucretia Mott & Elizabeth Cady Stanton organized the Seneca Falls Convention 1848; issued Declaration: “...that all men and women are created equal...” Mott Stanton

  29. F. The Abolitionist Movement * William Lloyd Garrison - The Liberator (anti-slavery/ pro-abolition newspaper) * Anti-slave societies in the North were growing in numbers! * The South is nervous and angry!!! Will there be a war????????

  30. Section 4 - Manifest Destiny

  31. The Western Pioneers A. Late 1830s - early 1860s, 250,000 Americans pushed into Midwest & all the way to California & Oregon Territory. Believed in “Manifest Destiny” - the idea that the US was meant to stretch “from sea to shining sea.” B. Farmers in Midwest 1. Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, & Wisconsin. 2. Most of the early settlers were squatters - settled on land they did not own.

  32. American Progress by John Gast (1872)

  33. C. Push to Pacific 1. Oregon - shared by US & Great Britain; attracted large numbers of missionaries & farmers. 2. California a. Mexican province; not many Mexicans wanted to live there. b. Mexican government welcomed US settlers, but were suspicious of their national loyalties.

  34. D. Trails West 1. Tough terrain 2. Oregon Trail, California Trail, Santa Fe Trail. 3. Trip west took 5 - 6 months; about 15 miles daily.

  35. E. Crossing the Great Plains 1. Called the “Great American Desert” 2. Natives helpful at first; later resented the settlers as a threat to buffalo herds, upon which they depended for their way of life. 3. Led to increased tensions between settlers and Native Americans! Conestoga Wagon

  36. Americans Settle in Texas A. Stephen F. Austinarrives 1. 1821 - most Spanish-speaking inhabitants lived in southern part. 2. Apaches, Comanches, etc. lived in north. 3. Mexican gov’t worried about Texas a. Couldn’t get Mexicans to settle close to Native Americans (gov’t feared that US might try to take Texas). b. Offered cheap land to foreigners. * Must become Mex. citizens * Must convert to Catholicism.

  37. B. Empresarios 1. Agents who contracted w/ Mexican gov’t to bring in large numbers of settlers in exchange for large land grants. 2. Stephen Austin - first & most successful (1500 families) 3. Few adopted Mex customs/language or were loyal to Mexico. 4. Mexicans distrusted new settlers 5. 1830 - Mexico closed Texas to American immigrants.

  38. III. Texas Independence A. Santa Anna(Mex. President) declared himself dictator in 1834. B. Texas organized an army. 1. First battle - Gonzales; Mexican army retreated. 2. The Alamo a. Held off Mexican army for 13 days b. 600 Texans killed c. Texas heroes: Travis, Crockett, Bowie.

  39. Battle of the Alamo James Bowie Davy Crockett

  40. 3. 300 Texans executed at Goliad. 4. “Remember the Alamo” & “Remember Goliad” became Texans’ battle cry. C. Tx declared independence on Mar 2, 1836; capital of the new republic was Washington-on-the- Brazos.

  41. D. Battle of San Jacinto 1. Tx army commander-in-chief – Sam Houston. 2. April 21, 1836 - Tx army attacked Mexican army (soldiers were sleeping). 3. Santa Anna captured. 4. Texas was an independent nation! The first flag of the Republic of Texas

  42. Battle of San Jacinto

  43. E. The Republic of Texas 1. Sam Houston - elected first president. 2. Asked for annexation to US as a slave state. 3. Antislavery forces in US objected. 4. Pres. Jackson feared war w/ Mexico. 5. Annexation denied.

  44. Texas and Oregon Enter the Union A. Election of 1844 1. Tex statehood was a major issue! 2. Dems nominated James Polk of Tenn. - promised to annex TX & Oregon and to purchase California from Mexico. 3. Whigs nominated Henry Clay of Kentucky. 4. Polk won. James Polk (Tennessee) vs. Henry Clay (Kentucky)

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