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The Biosphere

The biosphere includes all places where we find life on Earth Hydrosphere (ocean, ice caps, and all other bodies of water) Lithosphere (Rocks, soils, and sediments) Lower portions of the atmosphere. The Biosphere. 55. 45. mesosphere. 35. altitude (kilometers). stratosphere. 25.

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The Biosphere

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  1. The biosphere includes all places where we find life on Earth Hydrosphere (ocean, ice caps, and all other bodies of water) Lithosphere (Rocks, soils, and sediments) Lower portions of the atmosphere The Biosphere

  2. 55 45 mesosphere 35 altitude (kilometers) stratosphere 25 ozone layer 15 troposphere 5 Greenhouse effect warms temperature of troposphere sea level

  3. Climate Average weather conditions – such as cloud cover, temperature, and humidity – over time Regional climates differ because of variations in factors that influence winds and ocean currents Intensity of sunlight Distribution of land masses and seas Elevation Global Air Circulation Patterns

  4. Seasonal changes arise because the Earth is tilted on its axis about 23 degrees relative to the plane of its orbit around the sun The hemisphere tilted toward the sun is in summer – with longer days and more intense sunlight – while the other hemisphere is in winter Seasonal Changes

  5. cold cool temperate warm temperate tropical (equator) tropical warm temperate cool temperate cold March 23 1/2O Sun June December September

  6. Lake A body of standing fresh water Divided into zones that vary in physical characteristics and species composition Littoral zone: nearshore Limnetic zone: well-lit, upper open waters Profundal zone: deep and dark Freshwater Ecosystems

  7. Lake Zonation

  8. Oceans are divided into zones by gradients in light, dissolved oxygen, and nutrients Pelagic province (open ocean waters) Divided into neritic zone (over continental shelves) and oceanic zones (offshore) Well-lit upper layers include primary producers and grazing food chains Deep, unlit areas depend on detrital food chains The Open Ocean

  9. Benthic province Ocean bottom, rocks and sediments Biodiversity is greatest on continental shelves Seamounts (undersea mountains) Attract large numbers of fishes and invertebrates Some species live nowhere else Hydrothermal vents Release superheated, mineral-rich water Food web based on chemoautotrophs Benthic Province

  10. neritic zone oceanic zone intertidal zone air at surface continental shelf sunlit water BENTHIC PROVINCE PELAGIC PROVINCE 0 "twilight" water 200 bathyal shelf 1,000 sunless water 2,000 abyssal zone 4,000 hadal zone deep-sea trenches 11,0000 depth (meters)

  11. Biogeographic realms Early naturalists divided Earth’s land masses into six realms with characteristic plants and animals Biomes Finer divisions of land realms where different physical conditions with distinct kinds of plants support characteristic communities Biogeographic Realms and Biomes

  12. temperate coniferous forest (e.g., rain forest) mountains, complex zonation desert mountain grassland dry shrubland, dry woodland tropical broadleaf forest northern coniferous forest (boreal forest) mangrove swamps warm grassland (e.g., savannna) temperate deciduous forest permanent ice cover tropical dry forest tropical coniferous forest temperate grassland tundra marine ecoregions

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