Review for Semester 1 test

1. Review for Semester 1 test

2. SC.912.N.1 • Nature of Science and L.14.4 -Interpreting graphs • -Correct use of microscope: light microscope is used for living things, electron for high magnification but the items are Dead! • -Predicting reliability: large sample size and peer review ( scientific journal) • -Scientific theory/law • Multiple sets of data (by different people) help support the same hypothesis to help it become a theory!

3. 14.1 Cell theory • Cells are the basic functioning unit of all living things • Cells come from other cells • The cell is the smallest unit of life • Use and know the parts of the cell theory! • All matter is NOT made up of cells!!! • Only life!!! • The microscope helped develop the cell theory by being able to observe cells of many different types!

4. SC.912.L.14.2 • Relate structure to function for the components of plant and animal cells. Explain the role of cell membranes as a highly selective barrier (passive and active transport). • -Draw a diagram of the cell membrane and label the parts. What is its function? • -Explain how the cell membrane works • -Define osmosis and diffusion, know which direction water will move (high to low) • -Define active and passive transport and give an example of each. Active is low to high and uses energy! • -List the parts of animal and plant cells and explain what they do.

5. Osmosis! • Celery in fresh water will swell as water moves into its cells • Celery in salt water will shrink, as the water in the cells moves out! • water moves from high concentration to low concentration!!!

6. SC.912.L.14.3 • Compare and contrast the general structures of plant and animal cells. Compare and contrast the general structures of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. • -Compare and contrast plant and animal cells (cell wall, chloroplasts) • -Compare/contrast cell types • -Define Eukaryote and Prokaryote—compare and contrast them • Remember both plant and animal cells need mitochondria for cell respiration!

7. Plants : cell wall, chloroplasts, mitochondria large vacuole • Animal: cilia, flagella, centrioles, small vacuoles, no cell wall

8. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic • Organelles and a nucleus in eukaryotic!

9. SC.912.L.18.1 • Describe the basic molecular structures and primary functions of the four major categories of biological macromolecules. • - Name and -Give the function of each macromolecule for life • What are their basic building blocks?

10. Basic organic molecules • Carbohydrates – quick energy, CH2O • Lipids: long term energy storage, CHO • Proteins: enzymes and structures, amino acids • Nucleic acids: genetic information, nucleitides

11. SC.912.L.16.14 • Describe the cell cycle, including the process of mitosis. Explain the role of mitosis in the formation of new cells and its importance in maintaining chromosome number during asexual reproduction. • -Predicting # of daughter chromosomes • -Draw and label the cell cycle • -Describe what happens in each stage of the cell cycle • -Draw and label the stages of mitosis • -Describe what happens in each stage of mitosis

12. Cell cycle • S is when DNA replicates • Double the amount of DNA until the cell splits in cytokinesis

13. Mitosis: keeps the chromosome number the same as the parent cell. Less variation! • Meiosis reduces the chromosome number by ½ to make gametes! • Meiosis adds variation by crossing over and fertilization combining 2 different sets of chromosomes.

14. cancer • Uncontrolled cell growth. • Worst in gametes, only in one place of the body if in somatic cells.

15. SC.912.L.16.16 • Describe the process of meiosis, including independent assortment and crossing over. Explain how reduction division results in the formation of haploid gametes or spores. • -Draw and label the stages of meiosis • -Describe what happens in each stage of meiosis • -Define crossing over and how it affects genetic diversity • -Define gametogenesis, oogenesis, gametes, somatic cells,

16. SC.912.L.16.17 • Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis and relate to the processes of sexual and asexual reproduction and their consequences for genetic variation. • -Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis • -define sexual reproduction, asexual reproduction • -Explain how sexual reproduction affects genetic diversity

17. Sexual reproduction adds variation! Recombining of genes occurs in meiosis and not in mitosis. • Mitosis is more like cloning! Exact copies of the parents are made. • Mitosis is what is used to grow! It makes more cells!

18. SC.912.L.18.7 • Identify the reactants, products, and basic functions of photosynthesis. • - Write the basic formula for photosynthesis • -Explain how the energy is transferred in photosynthesis • Know the reactants and products!

19. photosynthesis • The energy of the sun is stored in the glucose • ( sugar) when the process is finished! This removes the carbon dioxide from the air and adds oxygen!

20. SC.912.L.18.8 • Identify the reactants, products, and basic functions of aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration. • -Write the basic formula for respiration • -define aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration • -Explain how anaerobic respiration is different than aerobic.

21. You produce carbon dioxide and water from cell respiration. • If no oxygen is present… alcohol or lactic acid is made along with Co2

22. SC.912.L.18.9 • Explain the interrelated nature of photosynthesis and cellular respiration. • -Describe relationship between photosynthesis and respiration • Oxygen and glucose are produced during photosynthesis and used during respiration to release energy to do work for the cells!

23. SC.912.L.18.10 • Connect the role of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to energy transfers within a cell. • -Define ATP • -Describe how ATP functions in energy transfer within a cell

24. ATP • Found in almost all organisms! • Releases energy when the phosphate bonds are broken!

25. SC.912.L.18.11 • Explain the role of enzymes as catalysts that lower the activation energy of biochemical reactions. Identify factors, such as pH and temperature, and their effect on enzyme activity. • -Define enzymes • -Explain how enzymes function in a cell • -Define active site, catalyst, activation energy, substrate. • -Explain how temperature and pH affect enzyme activity

26. enzymes • Enzymes decrease the amount of activation energy needed for a reaction

27. Too high of a temp can denature the enzyme by changing its shape ( active site) where the substrate binds. • Same with too low!

28. SC.912.L.16.9 • Explain how and why the genetic code is universal and is common to almost all organisms. • -Draw and label DNA? • -How do DNA bases match up? • -How are amino acids made? • What are the sides made up of? • What are the “rungs” made up of?

29. DNA • DNA has the code for making proteins in its nitrogen bases. • The code is universal meaning it is almost the same in all organisms.

30. SC.912.L.18.12 • Discuss the special properties of water that contribute to Earth's suitability as an environment for life: cohesive behavior, ability to moderate temperature, expansion upon freezing, and versatility as a solvent. • -List the properties of water that are important for life • -Give an example of each property as seen in living things • -Draw a water molecule and label the parts • -Define polar, covalent bonds, adhesion, cohesion, specific heat, heat of vaporization

31. Water • Cohesion: water to water capillary action, bugs walking on water! • High specific heat! Keeps us at a constant temp! Hydrogen bonds! • Polar: helps things dissolve in water so they can be transported. Universal solvent! • Ice floats! Lets life survive under a frozen lake!

32. SC.912.L.16.8 • Explain the relationship between mutation, cell cycle, and uncontrolled cell growth potentially resulting in cancer. • -Describe how mutations affect cells • -Compare and contrast a healthy cell with a cancer cell. • There are lots of genetic changes in a cancer cell! This can lead to loss of control of the cell cycle! • G1 check point errors are the first and most common place for mistakes in the mutations that lead to cancer