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Circulatory System and Gas Exchange

Circulatory System and Gas Exchange. Biology II. Evolution of the Circulatory System and gas exchange: early organisms. No circulatory system ___________________________________________________ Gastro Vascular Cavity ______________________________ Phylum: Protists Porifera Cnidarians

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Circulatory System and Gas Exchange

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  1. Circulatory System and Gas Exchange Biology II

  2. Evolution of the Circulatory System and gas exchange: early organisms • No circulatory system • ___________________________________________________ • Gastro Vascular Cavity • ______________________________ Phylum: • Protists • Porifera • Cnidarians • Ctenophores • Platyhelminthes

  3. Open circulatory system Phylum: • Arthropods • Mollusks (except _____________________________) • Organs bathed in intercellular fluid rather than surrounded by vessels. • Fluid travels through spaces called ____________________________________________________ • Systems lack capillaries • Heart used to _____________________________________ • Gas exchange through gills or air sacs

  4. Echinoderms Specialized circulatory system • ____________________________________________ (opened or closed) • Aids in the transport of food, gases, and waste • ____________________ : gills aiding in gas exchange

  5. Closed circulatory System • Blood inside vessels • A _________________________________ pumps blood throughout the body • Usually well developed organs for circulation and gas exchange Phylum: Annelids Mollusks (Cephalopods) Chordates • Fish (_____ chambered) • Amphibians and Reptiles(______ chambered) • Mammals and birds(________ chambers)

  6. Humans Circulatory system and gas Exchange Overview • __________________ chambered heart • _________________________ circulation • Blood _______________________ • Blood pressure • Blood • ___________________________________ • Lungs (alveoli, diaphragm, trachea) • _________________________________ of circulatory system and gas exchange • _________________________________ • Diseases

  7. Human Heart • 4 chambers • 2 __________________ and 2 __________________ • Cardiac muscle tissue Function: To pump blood around the body in vessels Important parts: • Sinoatrial node (______________________________) • Atrioventricular node • ____________________________ (blood entering) • ____________________________ (blood exiting) • Apex • Septum

  8. Human Cardiovascular System The heart is located in the __________________________ between the lungs. It is surrounded by a protective ____________________ —a double-walled sac with fluid between the two layers.

  9. Double Circulation Definition: • Blood passes through the heart __________ before completing a cycle around the body Advantages: • ____________________________________________________ • ____________________________________________________ • One heart makes coordination easy

  10. Lungs exchange CO2 and O2 • Right side of heart is ___________ • Pumps blood to lungs via Pulmonary _____________ • Capillaries in alveoli supply oxygen • Blood goes back to the heart via the Pulmonary ____________________ • The only time you will ever see tired blood in arteries is when it is traveling to the lungs • The only time you’ll ever see oxygenated blood in veins is in the Pulmonary vein, because it carries the blood to the heart (as veins do) to be pumped to the rest of the body. Right Side of the Heart – the Pulmonary Circuit

  11. The Left Side of the Heart – The Systemic Circuit Left side of heart is ___________________ • Pumps blood to ___________ out of the aorta, up to the head or down to the lower body • Oxygen rich blood rushes to the body • ________________ carry blood away from the heart.

  12. Blood vessels • Transport blood around the body and contain it in a permeable wall (___________________) Types: • Veins • Arteries • ______________________ • Veins and arteries also have _______________________________ and connective tissues surrounding the vessel (main purpose is to maintain ______________________________)

  13. Artery vs. Vein Comparison Veins: • _____________ muscle • Need __________________ to prevent backflow • Rely on skeletal muscle movement to carry blood along • Carry blood ______ heart Arteries: • ________________ • No ______________ • _________________ blood along • Carry blood _______________ from the heart

  14. Arteries vs. Veins Veins have little muscle to squeeze blood along, and rely on our _____________________ muscles to do so. Arteries have muscular walls that _____________________ the blood along

  15. Blood Flowing through an Artery is Squeezed Along

  16. Blood Flowing through a Vein • _______________ is stopped by one way valves Flow occurs in this Direction only

  17. bilateral varicosis with megaplasia of long saphenous vein and insufficiency of femoral vein. Varicose Veins • Occur when the valves tire and _________________ of blood occurs • Happens most often in ______________________ body • Very painful disorder

  18. Capillaries • ______________________________________________________________ • 5mm-10mm in diameter • 0.5mm wall thickness • Composed of thin cells • Transfer oxygen and food to tissues • Remove _______________________ • _____________  ______________ BloodBlood

  19. Blood Pressure Fluids flow from _____________________________ pressures and by contracting, the heart becomes the high forcing the blood away from the heart • Aids in the _____________________ of the human body • Aids in the delivery and return of blood back to the heart • Blood pressure also caused by the contraction of smooth muscles and other nearby muscles

  20. Blood Pressure • Healthy reading is 120 over 80, but what does this mean? _____________________________ • 120 mm of Hg is the minimum pressure the blood exerts to push blood through the artery of the arm, when cuffed _____________________________ • 80mm of Hg is the residual or left over pressure after the blood surge went through

  21. Blood Plasma (55%): water mixed with ions, proteins, hormones, waste products, and cells Cell types (45%): • _________________ (RBC) • ________________ (WBC) • _______________________ Hemoglobin bind O2 and transports it to cells. It also transfers CO2

  22. Components of Blood Erythrocytes make up about 99% of the cells in the blood.

  23. Thrombocytes - Platelets • Cell fragments • Formed in ________________________________ • ___________________________________

  24. Functions of Blood • Transportation of dissolved gases, nutrients, ____________________, and metabolic wastes • Regulation of the __________ and electrolyte throughout the body • Restriction of fluid losses • Defense against toxins and _____________________________ • Stabilize of body ______________________________ These red blood cells function in oxygen transport

  25. Interesting Facts about Erythrocytes - RBC’s • Increased RBC production when O2 decreases - high altitude training • Lack _______________________ to carry more O2 • Life span of ______________________________ • Broken down in ________________________ (bilirubin into bile…) • Formed in ___________________________

  26. WBC’s (Leukocytes) • _____________________ than RBC’s • ____________________________ • Have _________________ – often multilobed • Less numerous (under 0.1% of blood volume) • _________________________________ • _________________________________ • Types are based on presence or absence of granules in their cytoplasm. • GRANULAR • AGRANULAR

  27. Granular Leukocytes • Granules in cytoplasm • Multi-lobed nucleus (polymorphonuclear)  • Types Include • Neutrophils • Specialize in attacking and digesting bacteria that have been “___________________” for destruction • Eosinophils • ___________________________ antibody-coated bacteria, protozoa, and cellular debris • Basophils – the allergy causers • migrate to injury sites and discharge the contents of their granules – ____________________ (a vasodilator)

  28. Agranular Leukocytes • No granules • The ______________________________ of the immune system • Lymphocytes (B&T) • Continuously migrate from the bloodstream thru peripheral tissues and back into the bloodstream • ______ cells: defend against foreign cells and tissues and coordinate the immune response • ______ cells: produce and distribute antibodies that attack foreign materials • Monocytes – the largest WBC’s • Becomes a MACROPHAGE in tissue and ____________________________ bacteria (munch)

  29. Lymphatic system • Due to high pressures in the vessels, _________________________ constantly from capillaries. Most of the blood is reabsorbed through osmotic pressure. The rest is collected by the lymphatic system • The lymphatic system then directs the absorbed fluid, now ________________________, to the heart where it __________________________________ the circulatory system

  30. Lungs and the respiratory system Function: bring gas from the outside and aid in the exchange of gases from the environment with the ones produced by the body Parts: • Alveoli – increases surface area for gas exchange • Diaphragm – muscle used for pulling in air • Trachea – tube that leads air to and from the lungs Other functions: • Alter pH of blood through altering levels of CO2 in blood • Filter out small clots and air bubbles in blood vessels

  31. Interdependence of circulatory system and respiratory system • With out the circulation system, none of the cells inside the organism will get any oxygen and will die. By supplying them with and taking away gases, other cells can go about their functions that will overall help the body, either it be muscle cells for capturing and eating food, neurons used in thinking about science, or any of the other many tissue types in the human body, each with a specialized task.

  32. Homeostasis • The main purpose of the circulatory and respiratory system in to bring high levels of oxygen and other nutrients to cells that can not get it on their own while taking away waste products and gases that would be harmful if the concentrations increased • By constantly moving blood through the body, cells can live happily and specialized with their needs being met and their garbage taken away. • Analogy: the circulatory system is like servants who bring food and take away the leftovers for their lazy overlords

  33. Diseases • Rheumatic Fever • Caused by a fever, a damaged heart valve at birth can become damaged further • Heart attack/Stroke • the blockage of a vein or artery from something, usually plaque or platelets, in the heart or the brain respectively • Anemia Deficiency of hemoglobin in Red Blood Cells (RBC) or the deficiency of RBC • Tuberculosis • Infection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis that leads to increase mucus creation in trachea

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