Africa: History

1. Africa: History SSWG4 e. Analyze how the migration of people such as the Bantu and Zulu has had an impact on the economic, culture, and political aspects of Sub-Saharan Africa. SSWG4 f. Analyze strengths and weaknesses in the development of Sub-Saharan Africa; include factors such as linguistic, tribal, and religious diversity; literacy levels; and the colonial legacy

2. Early Civilizations • Bantu migrations—2000 B.C., Bantu spread from southeastern Nigeria • land shortage may have sent them south spreading language, culture • Migrations created cultural diversity, but languages link continent • forms of Bantu spoken by 120 million Africans today • East Africa-Aksum • Present day Ethiopia in A.D. 100s • Traded with the Eastern Roman Empire and Egypt

4. Three Trading Empires of West Africa • Ghana, Mali, Songhai empires grow on Sahara trade routes (gold, salt) • Taxed traders using their routes • Morocco invades in 1591 taking over the region

6. The Slave Trade • Europeans wanted slaves for plantations in Americas • In 1400s, Portugal established a trading port • slave traders exchange guns, goods for captive Africans • Many African rulers sold slaves to other Africans, Arabs, Europeans • By end of trade in 1870, millions had been taken to Americas, Europe

7. Colonization • Until mid-1800s, Europeans don’t move far inland • 19th-century Europeans seek African resources • 1884–85 Berlin Conference divides Africa; African input denied • By the early 1900s most of Africa is divided into European colonies • Exceptions: Liberia and Ethiopia

9. Colonialism Cartoons

10. Nationalist Movements • After WWII, many European powers grew tired of their African colonies • After the independence of South Africa in the 1940s, many other countries began nationalist movements. • Nationalism—the belief that you should be able to run your own country with your own people • Some movements were peaceful (ex. Nigeria), while others were very violent (ex. Mau Mau of Kenya)

11. Effects of Colonization • Belgium, France colonize region; most countries independent by 1960s • European borders disrupt traditional governments, ethnic regions • new governments face diverse populations, corrupt leaders • Economic Effects • Lost resources; cultural, ethnic oppression of people • Little infrastructure or money for transportation, education systems