Music: An Appreciation 8 th Edition by Roger Kamien

1. Music: An Appreciation8th Editionby Roger Kamien Unit XI 非西方音樂 Presentation Development: Robert Elliott University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff

2. Nonwestern Music • Reflects/expresses world’s diversity • Each culture has its music practice • Some have all 3—folk, pop, & classical • These musics influence western music • Especially true in the 20th Century • French composer Claude Debussy • British rocker George Harrison • Jazz artist John Coltrane

3. Chpt. 1: Music in Nonwestern Cultures Characteristics of Nonwestern Music • It reflects its supporting culture • Frequently linked with religion, dance and drama • Often used to communicate messages & relate traditions Oral Tradition • Frequently transmitted by oral tradition • Music notation far less important than in western culture • Many cultures do not have a music notation • When they do, it serves as a record, not for teaching or performance

4. Chpt. 1-Music in Nonwestern Cultures Improvisation • Improvisation usually based on traditional melodic phrases and rhythmic patterns • Improvisation is frequently basic to the music Voices • Singing usually main way of making music • Vocal approach, timbre, and techniques vary throughout the world • Nasal sound • Strained tone • Throat singing • Many others

5. Chpt. 1-Music in Nonwestern Cultures Instruments • Membranophones—stretched skin • Primarily drums • Chordophones—stretched string • Four types based upon sound production: • Harp-type • Aerophones—performer’s breath • Flutes, trumpets, etc. • Idiophones—instrument’s body is sound generator • Bells, gongs, scrapers, rattles, etc. • Style and application within culture causes particular types of instruments to dominate • Strings allow great flexibility of pitch • Idiophones/membranophones: rhythmic emphasis • Aerophones aid in outdoor performance • Geography & materials availability influences • Religion also influences instrumentation

6. Chpt. 1-Music in Nonwestern Cultures Melody, Rhythm, and Texture • Most nonwestern musics are monophonic • Sometimes accompanied by a drone • Some cultures use heterophony • All perform same melody with different ornamentation • Scales in nonwestern music are frequently quite different than western musical scales • Intervals between tones can be larger or smaller • Much nonwestern music has very complex rhythms

7. Chpt. 1-Music in Nonwestern Cultures Interaction between Nonwestern and Western Music • Nonwestern music has been greatly impacted by western influences due to: • Increased urbanization • Spread of technology • Almost worldwide access to recorded music • Some governments subsidize traditional music to preserve cultural heritage

8. Chpt. 2: Music in Sub-Saharan Africa • Africa is divided into two parts: above and below the Sahara desert • Above: Moslem, Arabic-speaking, music closely related to that of the Middle East • Below: Extremely diverse, many religions, cultures, and languages (over 700) • Though Sub-Saharan music is diverse, there are some similarities: • Complex rhythms and polyrhythms • Percussive sounds • Wide variety of instrumental ensembles • Vocal music usually a soloist & responding chorus

9. Chpt. 2-Music in Sub-Saharan Africa Music in Society • Music permeates African life from religion, entertainment, & magic to rites of passage • It is so interwoven into life that the abstract word “music” is not used by many peoples • Closely associated with dancing in ceremonies, rituals, & celebrations • Dancers frequently play and sing while dancing • Music is a social activity—everyone joins in • No musical notation—passed by oral tradition

10. Chpt. 2-Music in Sub-Saharan Africa Elements of African Music • Complex rhythms & polyrhythms predominate Rhythm and Percussion • Dancers choose to follow any of the various rhythms • The body used as an instrument • Clapping, stamping, slapping thigh/chest Vocal Music • Wide variety of sounds, even within a single piece • Call and response extremely common • Percussion ostinato frequently accompanies singers • Short musical phrases repeated to different words Texture • Often homophonic or polyphonic • This is unlike most nonwestern musics • Same melody often sung at many pitch levels

11. Chpt. 2-Music in Sub-Saharan Africa African Instruments • Most common African instrument Idiophones • Most are of indefinite pitch • Xylophones, a favorite, come in many sizes • “Talking drum” w/ slit in side can produce 2-4 tones Membranophones • Used in many ceremonial & work-pace applications • Drum manufacture often accompanied by special rites • Drums usually played in groups—multiple players • Variety of shapes, sizes, and forms Aerophones and Chordophones • Flutes & trumpets (of wood & horn) most common • Reed instruments less widespread • Chordophones plucked or struck, gourd resonators

12. Chpt. 2-Music in Sub-Saharan Africa Listening Song from Angola Solo male voice, chorus, drums Listening Guide: p. 583 Brief Set, CD 4:58 Note: Call and response Short repeated rhythms Vocal timbre Complex percussion rhythms

13. Chpt. 3: Classical Music of India • Two main types of classical music • Hindustani: secular, court music from Northern India (including now-Pakistan) • Musical traditions date back over 3,000 years • Absorbed many Persian elements due to Muslim Persian rulers • Karnatak: temple music from South India • Developed along its own lines Performers • Music viewed as a spiritual discipline • Oral tradition—study by apprenticeship Improvisation • Very important, sophisticated, & developed • Guided by melodic & rhythmic formula • Must study for years before allowed improv.

14. Chpt. 3-Classical Music of India Elements of Indian Classical Music • Pitch range limited to about four octaves • Highly embellished melody, both vocal and instrumental, is characteristic • Music is based upon the human voice • Melodies almost always accompanied by a drone instrument Melodic Structure: Raga • Melody exists within a framework called a raga—a defined pattern of notes Rhythmic Structure: Tala • Rhythm is organized into blocks or cycles, each called a tala • Tala range from 3-100 beats in length • 6-16 is most common

15. Chpt. 3-Classical Music of India Instruments • Vocal music most important in India • Many types of instruments • Many instruments associated w/ specific gods • Sitar most popular chordophone • Long necked, lute (guitar) like instrument • 7 plucked strings, 9-13 sympathetically vibrating • Drums of many sizes • Tabla and mridangam drums most common

16. Chpt. 3-Classical Music of India Listening Maru-Bihag by Ravi Shankar Listening Guide: p. 588 Brief Set, CD 3:60 Note: Raga and tala organization Heavy reliance on stringed instruments Extensive improvisation Nonwestern musical form

17. Chpt 4: Koto Music of Japan • The Koto • Godan-Ginuta, by Mitsuzaki Kengyo • Listening Guide: p. 593