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8-Hour Training Course. Introduction to Nanomaterials and Occupational Health.
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8-Hour Training Course Introduction to Nanomaterials and Occupational Health
This material was produced under grant number SH-21008-10-60-F-48 from the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, U.S. Department of Labor. It does not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the U.S. Department of Labor, nor does mention of trade names, commercial products, or organizations imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.
Lesson Overview Purpose To provide workers with introductory information about nanotechnology and nanomaterials Topics • How small is a nanometer? • Definitions and commonly used terms • How is the nanoscale different from the macroscale or the atomic scale? • Major classes of nanomaterials and their benefits
Learning Objectives At the end of this module you should be able to Contrast objects at the nanoscale with larger and smaller forms of matter Define key terms in nanotechnology Explain some of the ways nanomaterial properties differ from molecules and microscale particles Describe some of the physical and chemical characteristics that can change at the nanoscale Describe some of the major classes of nanomaterials produced today and their properties and potential benefits
Topic 1 How small is a nanometer?
Topic 1: How small is a nanometer? http://www.sniffcode.com/view.php?id=8 1 nm = 0.000000001 m = 10-9 m = one billionth meter
Handout 1 Courtesy Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Office of Science, U.S. DOE
Topic 2 Definitions and commonly used terms
Topic 2: Definitions and Commonly Used Terms • GROUP ACTIVITY (See Handout 2) • In groups of 3-5, find similarities and differences among the definitions of nanotechnology, nanoparticle and nanomaterial published by ASTM, BSI and OSHA. Key terms: nanotechnology, nanoscale, nanomaterial, nanoparticle, nanofiber There are several standard definitions for each of these
Policy Statement on Health Canada's Working Definition for Nanomaterial Health Canada considers any manufactured substance or product and any component material, ingredient, device, or structure to be nanomaterial if: It is at or within the nanoscale in at least one external dimension, or has internal or surface structure at the nanoscale, or; It is smaller or larger than the nanoscale in all dimensions and exhibits one or more nanoscale properties/phenomena. For the purposes of this definition: The term "nanoscale" means 1 to 100 nanometres, inclusive; The term "nanoscale properties/phenomena" means properties which are attributable to size and their effects; these properties are distinguishable from the chemical or physical properties of individual atoms, individual molecules and bulk material; and, The term "manufactured" includes engineering processes and the control of matter.
What is it? Nanofiber OR Nanomaterial 1.5 nm x 1.5 nm x 10 m Nanoparticle OR Nanomaterial 60 nm diameter(57 nm core: 3 nm shell) Nanostructured material Large voids: >200 nm diameter Small inner pores: ~60 nm diameter
Nanotechnology Different Types of Nanomaterials
Topic 3 How is the nanoscale different from the macroscale or the atomic scale?
Topic 3: How is the nanoscale different from the macroscale or the atomic scale? Baseball: ~2.8 inches in diameter Softball: ~3.8 inches in diameter
Nanomaterial Properties Can Change with Size The nanoworld At the nanometer scale, fundamental physical and chemical properties depend on the size of the object.
Early Nanotechnologists Lycurgus Cup http://www.britishmuseum.org/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/pe_mla/t/the_lycurgus_cup.aspx
Gold (~ 10 nm) Bulk Gold (Au) = Yellow Conductive Nonmagnetic Chemically inert Nano Gold = Red Loses conductivity at ~ 1-3 nm Becomes magnetic ~ 3 nm Explosive and catalytic! Would you buy this gold?
Physical and Chemical Properties that can Change at the Nanoscale Color Melting temperature Crystal structure Chemical reactivity Electrical conductivity Magnetism Mechanical strength …
Nanomaterials Exhibit Diversity in… Form or shape Chemical composition Surface treatments
¼ m Surface Area is a Big Factor 1 m GOLD Each side =1/4 m Mass ≈ 19,500 kg SA = 24 m2 Each side =1 nm Mass ≈ 19,500 kg SA = 6.4 billion m2≈ 6400 km2 Prince Edward Island= 5660 km2 Each side =1 m Mass ≈ 19,500 kg Surface Area (SA) = 6 m2 ≈ 8 ft x 8 ft room
Topic 4 Major classes of nanomaterials and their benefits
Detecting Cancer Cells What is it? • Small SiO2 (silica) sphere with thin gold coating Advantages • Enhances the detection of cancer cells in real time Why Nano? • Particle size affects its response to light Breast Cancer Res Treat (2010) 120:547–555 without nanoshells with nanoshells without nanoshells with nanoshells normal HER2- cancer HER2+ cancer
Self-Cleaning Glass Self-cleaning glass PPG Industries • Reduces cost and effort of cleaning glass • Why Nano? • Film doesn’t change glass color • Nano-size enhances the photocatalytic effect What is it? • Thin film of titanium dioxide bonded to glass Advantages • Reduces energy usage
Small Change, Big Savings What is it? • Thin film of polymer bonded to paint Advantages • Reduces friction-causing debris build-up on plane surface • Reduces fuel consumption 1-2% ~$22 million • Why Nano? • Film adds a mere 4 oz to weight of the jet (compared to 176 pounds of paint)
Balancing the Benefits and Risks Nanomaterials’ special physical and chemical properties may lead to unexpected interactions with biological and environmental systems.
Learning Objectives At the end of this module you should be able to Contrast objects at the nanoscale with larger and smaller forms of matter Define key terms in nanotechnology Explain some of the ways nanomaterial properties differ from molecules and microscale particles Describe some of the physical and chemical characteristics that can change at the nanoscale Describe some of the major classes of nanomaterials produced today and their properties and potential benefits
