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History of Haiti

History of Haiti. Columbus. Arrived in New World—1492 Established base in Hispaniola Discovered gold. Spanish Settlers. Rushed to Hispaniola Forced Indians to mine gold and raise food By 1530 only few hundred Indians survived because of harsh treatment Brought in slaves from Africa.

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History of Haiti

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  1. History of Haiti

  2. Columbus • Arrived in New World—1492 • Established base in Hispaniola • Discovered gold

  3. Spanish Settlers • Rushed to Hispaniola • Forced Indians to mine gold and raise food • By 1530 only few hundred Indians survived because of harsh treatment • Brought in slaves from Africa

  4. Spanish Settlers • Left for more prosperous colonies • By 1606 so few left that Spanish king ordered those remaining to move closer to main city (Santo Domingo) Hispaniola, 1606 (Dutch map)

  5. French, English, & Dutch • Settled N & W areas of island • Many became pirates • Attacked Spanish gold/silver shipments • Spain tried, unsuccessfully, to drive them out • In 1697, Spain recognized French control of W 1/3 of island

  6. Renamed St. Dominique • French colonists brought African slaves • Developed large coffee & spice plantations • By 1788, 8 times more slaves (500,000) than colonists

  7. Toussaint’s Background • Birth ?—1743 to 1746 • Plantation on St. Dominique • Personal servant to humane man • Opportunity to learn

  8. Toussaint’s Family • Eldest of 8 children • Father had been African chief • Parents & grandfather taught him: • History • Languages • Philosophy • Math • Family traditions • Christian faith

  9. Struggle for Haitian Independence 1789-1804

  10. 1789 • French Revolution • National Assembly issued Declaration of the Rights of Man • Free people of color in St. Dominique did not get promised citizenship

  11. 1790 • March 8 • National Assembly • Voted to allow colonial whites to determine Haiti’s political life • People of color could not vote

  12. 1791 • May 15 • National Assembly gave all free men of color (with 2 free parents) full rights • Forced white colonists to consider separation from France

  13. 1791 • Aug. 22-23 • Slave revolt due to brutal slave system • Toussaint helped his master’s family escape • St. Dominique whites decided to fight for freedom from France

  14. 1791 • Toussaint joined fight • Doctor for St. Dominique army • Eventually a leader (knowledge based on reading works by Caesar & others)

  15. 1791 • Sept. 24 • Assembly revoked May 15th decree (rights to free men of color)

  16. 1792 • March 28 • Assembly reversed again • All free men of color got full citizen rights

  17. 1792 • April 4 • Louis XVI signed May 15th decree

  18. 1793 • February 1 • France declared war on Britain • Toussaint supported Spanish • Spanish king would be secure • French republic too insecure

  19. 1793 • August • National Convention abolished slavery in St. Dominique • By year’s end, Toussaint had conquered north-central St. Dominique for Spain

  20. 1793 • Spain and Britain • Encouraged slaves to get freedom from the French • May have had informal arrangement to divide colony

  21. 1794 • February 4 • France abolished slavery in colonies

  22. 1794 • May 6 • Toussaint abandoned Spanish • Spanish showed no signs of keeping word on freeing slaves • British had reinstated slavery • If freedom was his goal, he had no choice…support the French

  23. 1794 • He joined French on promise of freedom • Helped his family flee beforehand • Became brigadier general • Tide then swung in favor of French

  24. 1794 • July 22 • Peace agreement between France and Spain

  25. 1795 • Treaty of Basel • Spain ceded holdings to France • Ceased hostilities • Blacks who had remained loyal to Spanish flocked to Toussaint’s army

  26. 1796 • March 30 • Toussaint rescued French commander from Mulatto-led effort to depose him • Made lieutenant governor of St. Dominique

  27. 1797 • French Convention made Toussaint commander-in-chief • He resolved to establish autonomous black state • Expelled French commissioner • Made agreement with Britain to end hostilities • Sought loyalty of Mulattos

  28. 1799 • After defeat of Spanish & British, he moved toward independence from France • Wanted to be on equal footing with France and other major powers

  29. 1799 • War of the Castes • French sought Mulatto support to retain dominion over colony • Toussaint’s army fought Mulattos

  30. 1799 • Asked US President John Adams for help • Adams wanted the arrangement • US young, insecure nation • The agreement… • Adams sent arms and ships • Toussaint would stop French from using island as base

  31. 1799 • French & US Revolutions inspired him • Some officers had fought with French army in US War for Ind. • French governor gave him nickname L’Ouverture (break through enemy lines)

  32. 1799 • Jefferson • Referred to Toussaint’s army as cannibals • As President, reversed Adams’ St. Dominique policies

  33. 1799 • Nov. 9—Napoleon came to power • Wanted: • Toussaint out • To reestablish slavery

  34. 1800 • May • Toussaint became military dictator (efficiency) • Worked on restoring order & productivity

  35. 1800 • Needed export-oriented economy • Re-imposed plantation system • Utilized non-slaves • Basically relied on forced labor

  36. 1800 • Oct. 1 • Secret treaty of San Ildefonso • Spain ceded Louisiana to France

  37. 1801 • Colonial Assembly approved constitution • Toussaint became Governor-General-For-Life • He “liberates” St. Dominique • Never formally severs bond with France

  38. 1801 • Constitution gave Napoleon reason for sending French troops • French colony acting as independent state • Worried slave-holding nations (Britain & US)

  39. 1801 • Napoleon saw St. Dominique as essential to French exploitation of New World • Napoleon is weakened • Toussaint drained resources of the colony

  40. 1802 • January • Napoleon sent troops to re-enslave Blacks of St. Dominique • Aided by Mulattos & Whites • Two of Toussaint’s lieutenants transferred their allegiance to French

  41. 1802 • May 5 • Toussaint, recognizing his weak position, surrendered • French assured him that he could retire quietly

  42. 1802 • June • Toussaint taken to France • Forbade his soldiers from retaliating against French prisoners

  43. 1802 • French commander, Rochambeau, retreated • Mutilated black prisoners and left them to die slowly

  44. 1802 • Toussaint’s troops had French prisoners hanged within sight of French army

  45. 1802 • US newspapers covered uprisings with Toussaint as black Napoleon • Intensified US slaveholders’ fear of US slave revolt • Inspired British (on verge of abolishing slave trade) to keep it

  46. 1802 • Other Blacks who had sided with French now turned against them because of: • Betrayal of Toussaint • Napoleon’s restoration of slavery in Martinique

  47. 1803 • April 7 • Died of neglect in a jail in the Alps

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