MWH – The Cold War

1. MWH – The Cold War 1. Nationalism and propaganda played a role in mobilizing civilian populations in support of their nation’s goals. 2. Changes in the post-war world created a new world order and new world conflicts. 3. Industrialization has the capacity for both progress and destruction. 4. Improvements in technology created a paradox in which there existed the potential for advancement and/or decline. • Global conflict leads to attempts at international cooperation and determining accountability (League of Nations, U.N. Nuremburg Trials). key events and policies in the early cold war – • Vietnam War – Use page 10to take notes • Cambodia under the Khmer Rouge – Evil in the Killing Fields • Cuban Missile Crisis - the world goes the brink of war • Nicaragua and the Iran-Contra Affair • Iranian Revolution • Afghanistan – Soviets invade and find their Vietnam • Arms Control Agreements • End of Communism in Eastern • Gorbachev’s reforms • End of WWII • Yalta Conference • Potsdam conference • Differing and competing goals of US and USSR • Truman Doctrine and Containment • Marshall Plan • Berlin Airlift • NATO vs Warsaw Pact • Brinkmanship and the arms race • Chinese civil war - Use page 7to take notes Korean War - Use page 10to take notes

2. Cold War Day 2 Agenda EU - To understand that the Chinese Civil War had far reaching effects on China and the world. It was part of the larger global Cold War struggle between the economic and political differences between Democracy/Capitalism and Communism Warm-up – write a paragraph explaining why the Communists won the Chinese Civil War, what happened to the Chinese nationalists and how the 2 superpowers responded. Agenda – • Finish Early Cold War – review day 1 packet pages – any questions? • Complete day 2 packet pages about Chinese Civil War • Complete day 2 packet pages to practice chart analysis and understand differences and similarities between Taiwan and China • Read day 2 packet page 4 – No Tears for Mao – answer the questions. How does this illustrate the methods and goals of the Cultural Revolution? • Wrap-up – what are the problems with governing a country according to a strict ideology?

3. Cold War Day 3 Agenda EU - To understand that the Chinese Civil War had far reaching effects on China and the world. This Civil War helps to lead to both the Korean and Vietnam Wars and was part of the larger global Cold War struggle between the economic and political differences between Democracy/Capitalism and Communism Agenda – • Complete page day 3 packet pages 1-2 about the Korean and Vietnam Wars • Actively read day 3 packet pages 3 about how the war in Vietnam affected Vietnamese. • Actively read day 3 packet pages 4 about Ho Chi Minh. With which other historical figures is Ho most similar? • Complete geography activity on day 3 packet pages 5-6 about • Questions • Core 2 work

4. Cold War Day 4 Agenda EU - To understand that the Chinese Civil War lead to both the Korean and Vietnam Wars and was part of the larger global Cold War struggle between the economic and political differences between Democracy/Capitalism and Communism Warm-up – write a paragraph explaining the similarities between the Wars in Vietnam and Korea Agenda – • Review day 3 packet pages about the Korean and Vietnam Wars – questions? • Complete day 4 packet page 1about how the Cold War affected many nations and continents throughout the world. • Read day 4 packet pages 2-3 about the Cuban Missile Crisis – brinkmanship at work bringing the world very close to WWIII • Fill-in key events from Chinese Civil War through Détente on your timeline • Core 2 work

5. Cold War Day 5 Agenda EU - To understand that the global Cold War struggle between the economic and political differences between Democracy/Capitalism and Communism affected every continent in the world. That it ironically also brought down the Soviet Union because the Soviets tried too hard to keep the Communist Party in power. Warm-up – write a paragraph explaining how the Cuban Missile Crisis is an example of brinkmanship and how the events of Cuba, Iran, Afghanistan affect us today Agenda – • Review packet page day 4 about how the Cold War affected many nations and continents throughout the world. • Review packet page day 4 about the Cuban Missile Crisis – brinkmanship at work bringing the world very close to WWIII • Fill-in key events from Chinese Civil War through Détente on your timeline • Complete day 5 Packet pages about how the 50s through 70s saw the Cold War calm down a bit • Core work

6. Cold War Day 6 Agenda EU - To understand that Soviet influence and political system had spread to its neighbors but that its system had severe flaws. Further, that the inherent nature of the repressive political system and command economy created conditions that led to its ultimate failure. Warm-up – Describe briefly the causes and events that have been occurring in Libya, Tunisia, Egypt, Algeria, Yemen, Bahrain and now Syria. Agenda – • Complete packet page day 5 about how the 50s through 70s saw the Cold War calm down a bit • Complete packet page day 6 about how the 80s saw the Cold War heat up and then communism fall in Europe • Describe 3 examples that support the above EU. How does the EU relate to the warm-up? • Work on Core 2

7. MWH – The Cold War – Day 7 EU – The changes and conflicts following WWII that led to the Cold War changed again as the Cold War ended and new areas of cooperation and conflict occurred. Warm-up – plot all of the key events from each section of this unit on your 6-part timeline • Complete packet page day 7 about how the 90 saw the Cold War end 3. Work on core 2 • End of WWII • Yalta Conference • Potsdam conference • Differing and competing goals of US and USSR • Truman Doctrine and Containment • Marshall Plan • Berlin Airlift • NATO vs Warsaw Pact • Brinkmanship and the arms race • Chinese civil war– • Korean War - • Vietnam War – • Cambodia under the Khmer Rouge – Evil in the Killing Fields • Cuban Missile Crisis - the world goes the brink of war • Nicaragua and the Iran-Contra Affair • Iranian Revolution • Afghanistan – Soviets invade and find their Vietnam • Arms Control Agreements • End of Communism in Eastern • Gorbachev’s reforms

8. Day 8 – Unit Review Unit Enduring Understandings: 1. Nationalism and propaganda played a role in mobilizing civilian populations in support of their nation’s goals. 2. Changes in the post-war world created a new world order and new world conflicts. 3. Industrialization has the capacity for both progress and destruction. 4. Improvements in technology created a paradox in which there existed the potential for advancement and/or decline. • Global conflict leads to attempts at international cooperation and determining accountability (League of Nations, U.N. Nuremburg Trials). • Review Day 7 graphic organizer – questions? • Identify and describe at least two examples from WWII and 2 examples from the Cold War/Post-WWII world that illustrate one of the above EUs • In groups – create a list of at least 4 examples of WWII and Post-WWII illustrating the EU • Share examples with people from other groups • Questions about Unit? • Work on Core 2

9. What was the Cold War? The Cold War was a 45 year period of conflict, competition and cooperation between two global superpowers – the US and the USSR. • This Cold War was characterized by • NO direct military fighting between the US and the USSR • An ARMS RACE to see who could get the most advanced, powerful and dangerous military hardware – most specifically – NUCLEAR WEAPONS • A race to see who could develop the most advanced rocketry and take control of space – a SPACE RACE • Competition for political/diplomatic/economic influence in • Europe – division of Europe by the “Iron Curtain” NATO v Warsaw Pact alliances • Then Asia – Chinese Civil War, Korean War, Vietnam War, Afghanistan • Then the oil-producing Middle East – overthrow of Iranian gov’t • Then South and Central America and Africa – Guatemala and nicaragua • The competition SURROGATE WAR often involved arming smaller allies to fight against the other superpower (USSR supplying the Vietcong against the US in Vietnam, or the US supplying the Mujahedin in Afghanistan against the USSR) –or- arming allies against the other’s allies like US-Israel vs USSR-Syria.

10. Defeat of Germany Stalingrad

11. Cold War Timeline Mid-East Events East Asia Events USSR Events 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 US Events Western Hemisphere Events Africa Events

12. Yalta Conference - Feb. 1945 –Stalin, FDR and Churchill met to discuss plans for the end of WWII. Agreed: • Germany would be divided into 4 parts • USSR to enter war against Japan for some islands • create a UN • USSR will allow elections in E. Europe especially in Poland

13. Potsdam (July 1945) Truman, Stalin and Churchill (Atlee halfway through conference) - division of Germany - USSR to enter war against Japan - disagreement over elections (Stalin essentially cancelled elections) - agreed that Germany would be demilitarized and its war industries destroyed - disagreement over war reparations from Germany and future of Germany - Stalin and Truman don’t like or trust each other

14. Communism • no private property • No political choice • Little personal choice • No god • Totalitarian gov’t • Worldwide revolution against capitalism VS. American system • private property • Elections & free assembly • Personal choice • Freedom of religion (lots of god) • Limited gov’t • Spread “democracy” and capitalism

15. Europe After WWII: Competing Aims • US aims • Democracy and capitalism as practiced by the US allows for freedom of property ownership and participation in government. • The US wanted freed trade such that the US would BUY resources and then sell manufactured products. • The US wanted other countries to have freedom of action, and then choose to want to trade with the US, • US wanted Germany to be strong so that it would not fall under totalitarianism as it had after WWI. • Soviet aims • Communism under the USSR did not allow for any of these things, thus being complete opposites and unable to work together. • The USSR wanted to take what it wanted and generally did not sell anything. (It did sell things to its allies in some cases). • the USSR wanted its neighbors to have no choice but to act as defenders of the USSR territory • USSR wanted to punish Germany and keep it weak so it would not attack USSR again. Where is the Iron Curtain? The two countries could not economically relate because the two systems were entirely incompatible.

16. Who is at Fault for the Cold War? • USSR at fault • failed to live up to promises • No free elections • Used force to put “communist” regimes in E. Europe • Failed to remove troops from Iran • Threatened to spread communism • Civil war in Greece led by communist rebels • Threats to Turkey’s straits to Med. • Spy ring found in Canada looking for nuclear secrets • US at fault • Truman did not live up “understanding” of Soviet sphere in E. Europe • Truman tried to intimidate Stalin • US was hypocritical in keeping its Western Hemi. Sphere of influence • Truman declared the cold war

17. Reasons Soviets can be blamed • Stalin broke his promise to hold Free elections in Poland and established a communist government under his control there instead. • Supported forces in Bulgaria, Romania and Hungary and established communist governments under Soviet control there, too. • Annexed the Baltic states (Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia) • Refused, at first, to withdraw troops from Iran • Put pressure on Turkey to give USSR control of the straits leading from Med to Black Sea • Set up Spy Rings in Canada in order to steal atomic secrets from the west. • Communists were trying to overthrow the government in Greece • Stalin gave a threatening speech…Capitalism…weaponry • Soviet-backed communists seized control of Czechoslovakia

18. Reasons US can be blamed • Truman was deeply suspicious of the Soviets • Truman made a big deal out of Soviet control of Eastern Europe after Churchill and Roosevelt had agreed it was within the Soviet Sphere of Influence. • Truman tried to intimidate Stalin with Atomic Bomb • Truman made it appear that the Soviets were a threat to the whole world. He declared the Cold War in his Truman Doctrine

19. Truman Doctrine Transcript

20. Truman Doctrine – March 12, 1947 Containment Policy – a statement of US foreign policy generally to oppose the spread of Soviet influence. Specifically it was an argument to Congress to scare them into approving spending $400million to help Greece and Turkey in 1947. Purpose – to stop the spread of Soviet influence in Greece and Turkey, and then the rest of the world. Soviet reaction – Soviets felt threatened and thus further supported “Communist” governments throughout the world including China and Korea. Evaluation of success – the doctrine was successful in Greece, Turkey, Western Europe, (Including Berlin) and Korea. But failed in China, North Korea, Vietnam and Cuba

21. Economic cooperation Act – the Marshall Plan

22. Post War Devastation

23. Post War Devastation Marshall Plan rebuilds the town

24. Marshall Plan – proposed 1947, passed into law April 3, 1948 Policy – a Congressional law called the Foreign Assistance Act that authorized the US government to spend up to $13billion over 4 years in Europe. Purpose – 1. to stop the spread of Soviet influence in Europe, 2. To help Europe rebuild after the devastation of WWII, 3. To link countries together through trade to help prevent war, 4. To help the US economy grow. Soviet reaction – Soviets felt threatened and thought the US was trying to undermine their system and turned down the aid for the USSR and Eastern Europe. Evaluation of success – the most successful foreign policy ever implemented by the US – all goals were achieved

25. A Divided Germany

27. Berlin Airlift

28. Berlin Airlift – June 1948-May 1949 Policy – 11 months of 277,000 flights into Templehof airport containing supplies of oil, coal, food and clothing. Purpose – to stop the spread of communist influence in Berlin, to prevent the fall of Berlin to the communists, to show the world our resolve in containing communism and to keep a bastion of democracy behind the Iron curtain. Soviet reaction – Soviets felt threatened but did not want war, so finally backed down and let West Berlin stay connected to West Germany Evaluation of success – very successful, all goals achieved. Led to strong economic, military and political ties with Germany to this very day. US still has major military bases in Germany

29. NATO NATO Flag Map of Expansion of NATO – US and Canada were original founding members of the alliance not depicted on map

30. Creation of NATO –1949 Policy – military alliance linking Canada and US to Western Europe Purpose – to stop the spread of communist influence in W. Europe, to help prevent war in Europe, and to act as a mutual defense arrangement, protecting its members from Soviet aggression. Soviet reaction – Soviets felt threatened and created the Warsaw Pact in 1955 Evaluation of success – very successful, all goals achieved. NATO still exists today, protecting the peace in Europe. No NATO countries fell to communism. But helped to lead to the arms race and the development and deployment of dangerous weapons in Europe and the world.

31. Nuclear Arms Race 1. Reliance on nuclear weapons to keep the peace (deter war) based on concept of MAD (Mutual Assured Destruction). 2. If war came, both sides hoped to destroy other side's nuclear weapons before they could be used. 3. Neither side could allow the other to get too far ahead - an arms race developed.

32. Bomb Picture ’62 H-bomb test on Christmas Island ’52 H-bomb test Ivy King 2 – 550kt 12 million tons of earth moved by blast ’62 104 kt 635 ft underground test made this 1280ft wide 320ft deep crater

33. strategy of "Massive Retaliation" 1. Idea of John Foster Dulles (Sec. of State) 2. Implied U.S. would use nuclear weapons in response to any act of communist aggression. 3. Was the U.S. bluffing? 4. Dulles said it was sometimes necessary to "go to the brink." 5. Critics called the idea brinkmanship” and said it was way too dangerous. 6. Proved to be impractical.

34. John Foster Dulles – Secretary of State 1953-1959

35. Chinese Civil War1946-1949 VS. Guo Mindong – Chinese Nationalist Party led by: CCP – Chinese Communist Party led by: US tried to mediate war: but then helped Jiang Mao Zedong – had support of peasants, motivated, battle-hardened troops Jiang Jieshi Corrupt, large, well-funded military with no motivation

36. Support for Jiang Jieshi’s Guo Mindong (the Nationalists) government in China Policy – military and economic assistance to Chinese government of President Jiang Jieshi Purpose – to stop the spread of communist influence in China by giving military hardware and training to the Nationalist Army and to give economic aid so that Jiang’s government would be successful in helping his people Soviet reaction – Soviets and Chinese Communists felt threatened Soviets briefly aided Mao Zedong’s Communists, and helped to lead to Korean War Evaluation of success – failed – the Communists under Mao Zedong won the civil war in 1949 and kicked the Guo Mindong to Taiwan.

37. People’s Republic of China – Civil War to “The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution” USSR gave money and weapons to PRC – recognizes only the PRC US gave Jiang money and weapons US recognizes only Taiwan as the official gov’t of all of China 1 country/ 2 systems PRC Republic of China

38. People’s Republic of China – Civil War to “The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution” PRC Great Leap Backward Forward Forces peasants to live on large communes and for communes to be self-sufficient (backyard industries) meeting centrally-set production quotas Effects: no incentive to work hard Resentment Inefficiency Destroyed economy Famine – millions die of starvation

39. People’s Republic of China – Civil War to “The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution” PRC • The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution – • Mao did not want to lose power • Mao did not want to lose communist ideology • Mao released the Red Guards – students – to punish and resocialize Mao’s opponents to be better peasant communists Economy, education and society was very damaged – Mao brought in Deng Xiaoping to rebuild the economy and society after the Army restored order.

40. Korean War - Active map of Korean War Policy – military invasion by US and UN forces Purpose – to stop the spread of communism into South Korea by defending South Korea after it was attacked by North Korea under the leadership Kim Il Sung Soviet reaction – Soviets were happy that the US interest was not solely focused on Europe. Chinese Communists felt threatened and entered to war on NK side in November 1950. Continued animosity between US and China for 20 more years. Evaluation of success – a success when looking at main goal of defending South Korea, which did not fall to communists and is an independent successful democracy today. But a failure if viewed as intending to rid all of Korea of communist control.

42. Causes for War in ‘Nam • For about 1000 yrs before the 8th century C.E., Vietnam was ruled by China: Vietnamesealways rebelled • From the 8th C until the 19th C Vietnamese culture had a major theme:repel invaders by guerilla war • France’s first attempt at colonization was in 1802 then from 1858 they conducted wars of conquest until France completely controlled Nam by 1883 – But there were always rebels trying to oust France

43. Causes for War in ‘Nam • When Japan conquered Nam in 1940, the French administration therecollaboratedwith Japan.The only opposition to Japan was the Viet Minh founded to gain independence for Vietnam) led by Nguyen That Than (Ho Chi Minh) • After March 9, 1945 Japan removed the French administration; only then did France fight against Japan • On September 2, 1945 Ho Chi Minh declares the independence of Vietnam • US soldiers, the US flag, the US national anthem and the US Declaration of Independence play a prominent role in the ceremony

44. Causes for War in ‘Nam • Following WWII, at the beginning of the Cold War, US needed France to be on its side against the USSR. France wanted to be a world power – France wanted to regain its colonies, especially – Vietnam. • The US agreed to allow France to retake Vietnam

45. How the Cold War helped cause ‘Nam • France’s enemy in its attempt to retake Vietnam was “Uncle” Ho Chi Minh and his League for Vietnamese Independence (Viet Minh) • he had communist leanings and got military assistance from USSR • Ho and the Viet Minh violently resist the return of French colonization • Therefore, helping France grew more important to Truman and the US • The US sent money and military supplies to the French war effort in Vietnam • Because The Cold War spread and communism seemed to spread in Europe through the 1940s – then China, in Asia, fell to communism in 1949 – the US could not see both France in Europe and Vietnam in Asia fall to communism – it would violate containment

46. Background to the War • The French lost the war to Ho Chi Minh’s Viet Minhforces in 1954 at Dien Bien Phu • President Eisenhower declined to intervene on behalf of France, seeing it as a lost cause. • France more or less surrendered and negotiated a peace settlement called the Geneva Accords of 1954

47. Background to the War • International Conference at Geneva • Vietnam was divided at 17th parallel • Ho Chi Minh’s nationalist forces controlled the North • Ngo Dinh Diem, a French and US-educated, Roman Catholic claimed control of the South • The two sides agreed that national elections would occur in 1956 But this was during the Cold War and the US and USSR are in conflict over influence in the world

48. Background to the War • Ike saw the southeast Asian nations as a row of dominos that would fall to communism if Vietnam fell first. • With Eisenhower’s approval, Diem backed out of the elections, because: • Ho Chi Minh seemed like everyone’s Uncle in ‘Nam – he is very popular • Ho seems to Americans to be a communist • Ho would win a nation-wide election • Diem holds a mock-election where he wins through voter fraud • Vietnam remains split: North under Ho and South under Diem with American financial support

49. Ho rules the North from his Capital of Hanoi using the Viet Minh organization Vietcong supplied by the North NLF or Vietcong – an organization of communist guerillas forms in the South to overthrow Diem by using small-unit hit and run, terrorist-type tactics Diem rules the South from his Capital of Saigon US does not want to see South Vietnam (Republic of Vietnam) fall to commies. US sends money and then men to protect the South from the Vietcong and their North Vietnam allies. US fights in the South against the Vietcong

50. After 8 years of fighting: Vietcong were terribly weakened by their 1968 Tet Offensive but… They were still supplied by the Ho Chi Minh Trail and… But the South Vietnamese government and army were corrupt, brutal and not supported by their people, whereas… The Viet Cong had significant popular support. US is still fighting the NVA and the VC, but its people are tired of war and the soldiers are too. President Johnson does not seek reelection in 1968, the draft is unpopular and the TV shows the deaths committed by US soldiers US invades Cambodia, causing massive protests in US Therefore US pulls out its troops and South Vietnam is taken over by the North – uniting all of Vietnam