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The Cold War

The Cold War. History 12 Ms Leslie. USA vs USSR. USA Large military – 12.5 million Navy Larger then UK’s Huge air force with nuclear weapons Only nuclear country until 1949 Booming economy after war. USSR devastated economically by war Stalin enforced internal discipline

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The Cold War

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  1. The Cold War History 12 Ms Leslie

  2. USA vs USSR • USA • Large military – 12.5 million • Navy Larger then UK’s • Huge air force with nuclear weapons • Only nuclear country until 1949 • Booming economy after war

  3. USSR • devastated economically by war • Stalin enforced internal discipline • Suspected anyone in contact with foreigners – shot returning POWs • Cut down the army in size • Increased censorship • Satellite states

  4. Causes • Ideological differences • Fear and suspicion – democracy vs communism • Capitalist nations fearing revolutions – comintern became Cominform - enforcing spread of Marxism • USSR felt capitalist countries were preventing communism from spreading

  5. 2. Strategic concerns and suspicions • Domino theory- Americans thought European nations would fall one by one to Soviet influence • Satellite States - Soviet expansion into the Balkans threatened Greek and Turkish security. – leads to the Truman Doctrine • Marshal plan = obstacle to soviet domination

  6. Evidence for the Domino Theory • 1945 Bulgaria voted to become communist • Tito made Yugoslavia Communist (not Soviet) • 1947 Soviets in power in Hungary and Romania, Poland • 1948 Czechoslovakia becomes communist • Finland and Greece under USSR pressure

  7. Tactics of the Cold War • Armed camps – alliances like NATO and the WARSAW Pact • Building Nuclear arsenals • Espionage - CIA formed • Establishing ‘backyards’ – not allowing activity in certain places IE Cuban missile crisis. 5. Using ‘aid’ with strings attached

  8. 6. ‘dollar’ imperialism – such as American companies going to Latin America, if they leave the country becomes impoverished 7. Containment – not allowing the spread of each others ideology 8. Buffer zones – to prevent immediate attack 9. Appearance of prestige – make other people join your side by looking better then the other – IE space race

  9. Europe after WWII • Massive migration of refugees • USSR expelling Germans from Easter Europe • Economies needed to get going again to prevent a depression • UK and Canada sent aid but only enough for relief

  10. Marshall Plan/Aid • June 1947 – George Marshal, the US secretary of state, announced funds for European economies. • 1949 European output increased 25% • To help prevent other countries from becoming communist • Britain received - $3 billion, France - $2.7 billion, Italy $1.4 billion, Yugoslavia - $109 million

  11. Marshall Aid was administered by Organization of European Economic Co-operation (OEEC). • Administered the spending of $28 billion. • The USSR was opposed to this plan as they could not apply for the aid as they failed the requirements for political and economic freedom.

  12. Division of Germany • As per the Yalta and Potsdam Agreements • The USSR in the Northeast, UK in the Northwest, USA in the south and France in the Southwest (Rhineland). • Berlin was completely in the Soviet zone and also divided; USSR in the East (taking up 50%), French in the North, Britain in the East and USA in the South east.

  13. Allies able to take what ever they wanted from their zones (reparations) • Russia allowed to take more then their share • America and Britain soon wanted Germany on its feet to create a buffer between the west and USSR • Two sides began to drift apart

  14. West German Unification • In January of 1947, the British and American zones were joined together. Called ‘Bizonia’ • 1948 French sector joined • In non-soviet-Berlin they elected an anti-communist Mayor, Ernst Reuter. • In May of 1949 they held elections and Konrad Adenhauer became the first chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany in the new capital of Bonn.

  15. Stalin responded by created the German Democratic Republic of East Germany with its capital in Berlin.

  16. The Iron Curtain • Coined by Churchill - Describes the division between the West and USSR. • Literally a 2,000 km fence of barbed wire • By 1947 only eastern countries no communist were Finland, Czechoslovakia and Greece.

  17. Greece • Civil war after WWII • Greek Communists (EAM) vs the government • March 1947 President Truman pledges $400 million to Greece and Turkey to help them remain ‘free’. • Greek communists are defeated

  18. Truman Doctrine • Out lined when he pledged $ • Commitment to stop the spread of communism through force. • Will help any country that were having a totalitarian regime forced on them • Leads to American involvement in Korea and Vietnam

  19. Czechoslovakia • Benes returns as president • 1946 elections – communists get 38% of vote. • Foreign minister, Jan Masaryk, a communist and makes Benes accept the communist dominated government in 1948. • Government doesn’t last long as they reject Marshall Aid and a coup was staged • Masaryk ‘falls’ to his death from a window

  20. New elections happen. • Because of the political turmoil the only political power strong enough to run are the Communists and they get 88% of the vote • A lot of communist support as it was communist partisans who drove out the Nazis.

  21. Yugoslavia • Tito, the war hero, is the communist leader. • Communist countries supposed to take orders from Moscow and send goods • Poland = coal, Czech = machinery, Romania = oil. • Tito refuses to comply.

  22. Stalin does not send troops as he does not want to risk a conflict with Britain or America • Tito allows private ownership • Has good relations with the West

  23. Berlin Airlift 1948-49 • Stalin responded to Marshal Aidwith Comecon(Council for Mutual Economic Assistance. • Allies introduced the Deutschmark in West Germany and West Berlin. • Stalin believes the allies will violate the Yalta Agreement and make 2 separate Germanys

  24. June 24, 1948, Stalin blockadedall rail and roads going into Berlin and West Germany • Berlin is 100 miles in the soviet sector. • Allies were not going to just hand over 2 million Berliners which would violate the Truman doctrine

  25. So they decide to do the Air lift • West Berlin needs 4,000 tons of supplies a day

  26. Largest transport plane can take 11 tons • For 318 days planes left West Germany for Berlin every 30 seconds.

  27. At the most desperate time, Berlin had only 1 weeks supply of coal and 3 weeks supply of food in Jan 1949. • Transports were escorted with B-29 Bombers.

  28. Operation Little Vittles

  29. Stalin tried to entice West Berliners to move to East Berlin with promises of food and fuel, • only 2% of people moved. • By May of 1949, Stalin called off the blockade as it wasn’t working.

  30. NATO • Result of the Air lift • North Atlantic Treaty Organization • April 1949 – 12 countries signed • UK, France, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg, Italy, Portugal, Norway, Denmark, Iceland, Canada, and USA.

  31. Main points of NATO: • Renounced war except when in aligned with the UN • Assistance against an aggressor • For 20 years • Permanent military base in Paris.

  32. USSR responds with the Warsaw Pactin 1955 • Treaty for communist countries. • Stalin died in 1953. New leader Khrushchev created Pact to start to deStalinize the USSR.

  33. It was clear that Germany was not going to be reunited any time soon. • So in August 1949 West Germany became the German Federal Republic • East Germany became the German Democratic Republic followed soon after.

  34. Containment • American Policy of stopping the Spread of Communism. • Fear of Communists become rampant in America • Senator Joseph McCarthy took over the House Un-American Activities Committee. • Many people in USA were accused of being communists and interrogated. • This period of extreme paranoia is referred to as McCarthyism.

  35. Korean WarJune 1950 - July 1953 • North Korea was liberated from the Japanese by the Soviets. • South Korea was liberated by USA • The border was set at the 38th parallel.

  36. The new leader of South Korea was Syngman Rhee and would become a dictator in the 50’s and 60’s. • The Leader of North Korea was communist Kim Il-sung.

  37. Eventually the USSR and USA left their respective occupied zones and North Korea attacked South Korea. • The official start was on June 25, 1950. • Truman announced the Truman doctrine applied to Asia as well as Europe

  38. North Korea captured most of Korea except for a small area near Pusan.

  39. UN met over this invasion and votes to send in troops • It passed as the USSR is boycotting the UN for their refusal to recognize Communist China • Truman sent troops in under the UN flag, and is joined by 16 other nations • General MacArthur is in charge. • This is the first time the UN was deployed to protect against an aggressor.

  40. UN forces landed on Oct 7, 1950 at Inchon, south of the 38th parallel with instructions to continue also long as they did not meet Chinese or Soviet forces. • MacArthur was heading towards the Yalu River

  41. China responded to the perceived threat of invasion by sending troops across the Yalu on the 26th of October and pushed the Americans back to the 38th. • Seoul, the capital was re-captured. • America responded with Truman talking about A-bombs which made everyone scared – (British PM Atless was able to talk him out of it.)

  42. America increased the defense budget to $50 billion from $13 million and increase the standing military to 3.5 million men. • As a result MacArthur pushed the Chinese back to the 38th parallel by Feb 1951.

  43. Truman decided to change his plan from a war of liberation to a war of containment. • MacArthur disagreed; he wanted to liberate both Koreas. • Truman eventually fired MacArthur on April 11, 1951.

  44. In Nov, 1952, Eisenhower becomes president (WWII hero) with Nixon as his vice president. • The Secretary of state, Dulles, was anti-red and threatened China with a-bombs if they did not return American POWs. • The Korean War was essentially over with talks dragging out for years over the POW issue.

  45. The Chinese eventually agreed to the POW terms and on July 23, 1953 a military armistice was signed. • China had now been dragged in to the Cold War and had begun helping the Vietnamese in Indo-China to free themselves from French-colonial rule.

  46. After Korea, Containment policy was the standard • USA signed many agreements • Nato • OAS - Organization of American States - Latin America • ANZUS - USA, New Zealand and Australia • SEATO - South East Asian • CENTO - Middle East

  47. Stalin died of a stroke on March 5, 1953. He is replaced by Nikita Khrushchev. • Khrushchev was not like Stalin – no more purges, and Destalinization

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