KINGDOM EUMYCOTA - The True Fungi

1. KINGDOM EUMYCOTA - The True Fungi Phylum Basidiomycota Disclaimer: Keep in mind that new systems that new information is changing our current understanding of how fungi are phylogenetically-related and should be taxonomically arranged.

2. Phylum Basidiomycota Characteristics: • Septate mycelium • Basidia and basidiospores • Clamp connections. Not all Basidiomycetes produce these, but when a fungus does it will always be a basidiomycete.

3. Basidiomycetes Characteristics: • Two main groups, based on morphology of basidia. • Basidia are septate and deeply lobed Order Uredinales – the rusts • Produce all five spore stages – aeciospores, uredospores, teliospores, basidiospores and spermatia (aka pycniospores) • Important genera – Puccinia, Gymnosporangium Order Ustilaginales – the smuts • Produce only basidiospores and teliospores • Important genera – Ustilago, Tilletia

4. Basidiomycetes Characteristics: • Two main groups, based on morphology of basidia. • Basidia are unicellular, non-septate: wood decay fungi Order Aphyllophorales (aka Polyporales) – the bracket fungi • Hymenium lines small pores on underside of sporophore • Important genera – Polyporus, Fomes Order Agaricales – the mushrooms • Hymenium lines gills (lamellae) • Important genera – Armillaria, Agaricus

5. Aphyllophorales Agaricales

6. Phylum Basidiomycota - "Basidiomycetes" • septate hyphae, often with clamp connections present • multicellular sporocarp called the basidioma or basidiocarp is common • sexual spores (basidiospores) produced over a hymenium on the surface of club-shaped structures (basidium) at the tip of sterigma (pl. = sterigmata) • some groups have a HOLOBASIDIUM (a single-celled basidium), while others possess a PHRAGMOBASIDIUM (a basidium that is divided into more than one cell by transverse or longitudinal setpa.  • very diverse groups (from some types of yeasts, to rust and smut fungi, gilled-mushrooms, puffballs, polypores, etc.) • Spore discharge - see http://www.anbg.gov.au/fungi/spore-discharge-mushrooms.html • Some of the following information and figures are from • http://www.uleth.ca/bio/bio1020/images/copb2.jpg • http://www.ilmyco.gen.chicago.il.us/Terms/basid133.html • http://www.paddenstoel.nl/html/basidien.html • http://entoplp.okstate.edu/classes/plp3344/lecture14.pdf • http://www.scnresearch.info/April%2011%202006.ppt

7. The formation of a clamp connection and maintenance of the dikaryon in a basidiomycete

8. Hymenium, Basidia,and Basidiospores

9. TWO BASIDUM TYPES PHRAGOMOBASIDIA HOLOBASIDIA

10. OTHER EXAMPLES OF HOLOBASIDIA AND PHRAGMOBASIDIA

11. Basidiomycetes 5. Three types of hyphae • Primary hyphae – develops from a germinating basidiospore. Nuclear status = n • Secondary hypha – results from fusion of two primary hyphae. Yields a n+n cell that continues to grow as a n+n hyphae • Tertiary hypha – exactly the same as secondary hypha. n+n However it has thick walls that enable production of fleshy and wood sporophores Primary hyphae Primary hyphae Secondary hyphae Tertiary hyphae

12. Phylum Basidiomycota: Three major classes • Class Uredinoiomycetes • Order Uredinales - The Rusts • Class Ustomycetes - The Smuts • Order Ustilaginales • Class Basidiomycetes • Order Tremellales- jelly fungi; Tremella mesenterica - witch's butter • Order Auriculariales - fungus ears; Auricularia auricula - wood ear • Order Aphyllophorales - chanterelles, tooth fungi, polypores, coral fungi. • Order Agaricales - the boletes, gilled mushrooms - inky caps, oyster mushrooms, etc. • The following orders were formerly placed in the FORM CLASS Gasteromycetes or "stomach fungi". • Order Phallales - stinkhorns • Order Lycoperdales- puffballs and earth stars • Order Tulostomatales- stalked puffballs • Order Sclerodermatales - earth balls • Order Nidulariales - bird's nest fungi and sphere throwers • OTHER ORDERS INCLUDED IN THE CLASS BASIDIOMYCETES BUT NOT COVERED IN CLASS: • Orders Septobasidiales, Brachybasidiales, Dacrymycetales, Tulasnellales, Melanogastrales, and Gauieriales.

13. RUST AND SMUT FUNGI • Teliomycetes (old name) or • Class Uredinoiomycetes • Order Uredinales - The Rusts • Class Ustomycetes - The Smuts • Order Ustilaginales   • Uredinales (rusts) • Ustilaginales (smuts)

14. The Rusts These are obligate parasites. Generally these require two host to complete their lifecycle. Primary hosts – the host on which basidia and basidiospores are produced. Alternate host – the other host in the life cycle on which spermagonia and aecia are produced Alternative host – the host that a pathogen can infect in place of the primary or alternate hosts. Heteroecious – organisms with a primary and alternate host. Autoecious – organisms that have only a single (primary) host. Macrocyclic rust – long cycle rust. Produce all 5 spore types. Demicyclic rust – medium cycle rust. Omits uredia. Microcyclic rust – short cycle rusts. Produces basidiospores, teliospores and spermatia.

15. Order Uredinales Order Ustilaginales

16. The Rusts • Stem Rust of Wheat caused by Puccinia graminis • Reduces yield and quality of grain; fungus causes lesions or pustules on wheat stems. • Management - remove alternate host (i.e., barberry); use resistant cultivars of wheat • Cedar-Apple Rust caused by Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae • Apples become deformed and ugly; fruit size reduced due to damage to foliage • Management - removal of cedar trees, which serves as the alternate host; spray apple trees with fungicides, and use rust-resistant apple trees

17. Wheat stem rust

18. Cedar apple rust is caused by Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianum; lacks the uredia stage = no repeating stage

19. The Smuts • Corn smut caused by Ustilago maydis • Galls develop on male and female (ear) inflorescences. • No major methods of control recommended; tends to be a chronic but relatively insignificant disease. • Loose smut of cereals by Ustilago avenae, U. nuda, and U. tritici • Flowering parts of plants develop spore-filled galls (teliospores) • infected seed treated with fungicides before planting; use of certified smut-free seeds and systemic fungicides; hot-water treatment of seed to kill fungus.

20. Corn smut caused by Ustilago maydis

21. Loose smut of cereals

22. Comparison of Rust & Smut Fungi

23. Class Basidiomycetes • Order Tremellales- jelly fungi; Tremella mesenterica - witch's butter • Order Auriculariales - fungus ears; Auricularia auricula - wood ear • Order Aphyllophorales - chanterelles, tooth fungi, polypores, coral fungi. • Order Agaricales - the boletes, gilled mushrooms - inky caps, oyster mushrooms, etc. • The following orders were formerly placed in the FORM CLASS Gasteromycetes or "stomach fungi". • Order Phallales - stinkhorns • Order Lycoperdales- puffballs and earth stars • Order Tulostomatales- stalked puffballs • Order Sclerodermatales - earth balls • Order Nidulariales - bird's nest fungi and sphere throwers • OTHER ORDERS INCLUDED IN THE CLASS BASIDIOMYCETES BUT NOT COVERED IN CLASS: • Orders Septobasidiales, Brachybasidiales, Dacrymycetales, Tulasnellales, Melanogastrales, and Gauieriales.

24. Order Tremellales - jelly fungi

25. Order Auriculariales - fungus ears

26. Order Aphyllophorales

27. Order Agaricales

28. Order Phallales – the stinkhorns

29. Order Lycoperdales – puffballs and earthstars

30. Order Tulostomatales- stalked puffballs

31. Order Sclerodermatales – earth balls

32. Order Nidulariales - bird's nest fungi and sphere throwers

33. Mycophagy - To eat or not to eat?  • MYCOPHAGY - (Gr. mykes = mushroom + phagein = to eat) is a practice that dates back to antiquity.  • Edible mushrooms are good sources of protein (by dry weight), indigestible "fiber" (due to presence of chitin), some potential medicinal compounds, and add diversity to our omnivorous diet (e.g., true morels, oyster mushrooms, button mushrooms, shiitake).  • Mushrooms include the sporocarps of certain members of the Phylum Ascomycota and Basidiomycota.