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¿ What anatomical/physiological features distinguish vertebrates?

¿ What anatomical/physiological features distinguish vertebrates?. ¿ Who are vertebrates related to, and how are they related to each other ?. ¿ In what ecosystems do vertebrates occur ?. ¿ What are the roles of vertebrates in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems ?.

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¿ What anatomical/physiological features distinguish vertebrates?

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  1. ¿ What anatomical/physiological features distinguish vertebrates? ¿ Who are vertebrates related to, and how are they related to each other ? ¿ In what ecosystems do vertebrates occur ? ¿ What are the roles of vertebrates in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems ? ¿ How many different kinds or species of vertebrates are there ?

  2. The vertebrate story… There are over ____________ living vertebrate species For every ______species there were ~100 that are now ______ Vertebrates are found … Vertebrates range in size from tiny … small enough to fit on a coin, to _________________who are so hugetheir heart is a big a small car Vertebrate lifestyle is … obtain energy as both carnivores and herbivores with many specializations in between

  3. The vertebrate story… Two major groups of vertebrates 1) __________________: * * (~1,000 species) * (~27,000 species) * (~6,400 species)

  4. The vertebrate story… • Two major groups of vertebrates… • _________ , which also has two major groups: • _________________ - • * (~300 species) • * (~8,000 species) • * (~25 species) • * (~9,700 species) Synapsids – *(~4,800 species)

  5. The vertebrate story… New species… ¿How many species are there on planet Earth? Estimates vary by an order of magnitude! Thousands of species described annually Most are small and of “other” kingdoms… still some vertebrates being described. Examples…

  6. Extinct: * *Mostly small fish 2cm (some up to 2m) * *4 openings on dorsal surface of head * Agnatha http://universe-review.ca/I10-27-jawlessfish.jpg

  7. Extant: ______ and ________ * *Hagfish are … *Most Lamprey are… Agnatha http://www.exploretheabyss.com/photo/gallery/gallery/ds_trawl/images/HagfishLR.jpg http://www.glaucus.org.uk/sea-lamprey-sucker-RL.jpg http://www.nwrc.usgs.gov/world/images/lamprey.jpg

  8. Extant Jawless fishes… Hagfish (Myxinoidea) … Class -MyxiniOrder –Myxiniformes Family – Myxinidae Genera – 6 from mostly temperate waters Species -> 40 with Pacific and Atlantic Hagfish most well known. At least one fossil representative from Carboniferous that resembles modern species. Only occur in ___________ habitats Live on soft bottoms of mud, silt or clay usually from 25 – 600m deep. http://www.bio.uio.no/akv/english/research/mzk/benthos_pictures.html http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NYRr_MrjebA&NR=1 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g8pONkTyk2c

  9. Extant Jawless fishes… Hagfish (Myxinoidea) … They burrow and perhaps feed on soft-bodied worms etc. they encounter. Also scavenge and prey on fishApparently good sense of smell,as they quickly find netted fish. Unique _________ technique allows them to pull meat from carcass. __________ and retraction of teeth on each side of mouth pull off/in food http://sophont.blogspot.com/2004_02_01_archive.html http://bakkouz.net/pix/Hagfish.jpg

  10. Extant Jawless fishes… Hagfish (Myxinoidea) … Eyes degenerate and covered by skin Large tentacles surround nasal opening and mouth Probably lack a larval stage http://www.uoregon.edu/~joet/Pictures-Pages/Image5.html http://a.abcnews.com/Technology/AmazingAnimals/popup?id=4958186&contentIndex=1&page=6&start=false http://www.gma.org/fogm/myxine_glutinosa.htm

  11. Extant Jawless fishes… Hagfish (Myxinoidea) … 5 to 15 pairs of gills (depending on species) Some species have branchial ducts that exit via a single tube and external opening Broad-gilled Hagfish http://www.austmus.gov.au/fishes/fishfacts/fish/ecirrhatus5.htm Broad-gilled Hagfish http://www.austmus.gov.au/fishes/fishfacts/fish/ecirrhatus6.htm

  12. Extant Jawless fishes… Hagfish (Myxinoidea) … Cartilaginous skeleton not well developed…* ____________* Only a membranous roof of the skull 1 ______________ on each side of head (Lamprey have 2 and other vertebrates have 3) In addition to primitive heart… they also have ________________ regions in:* Tail* Cardinal vein * Portal vein Have red blood cells like other vertebrates… but only one type of WBC.

  13. Extant Jawless fishes… Hagfish (Myxinoidea) … Females outnumber males 100 to 1 Thought at first to be hemaphroditic Almost nothing known of their reproductive biology! Recent studies have verified the presence of __________________.

  14. Extant Jawless fishes… Hagfish (Myxinoidea) … Well known for a defensive mechanism… _________! Abundant mucous glands secreting ______ and ______________ Proteins straighten in water and trap mucus close to hagfishes body After danger has left, hagfish ties a knot in tail and pulls it towards its head “squeegie-ing” off the slime.

  15. Extant Jawless fishes… Hagfish (Myxinoidea) … Some commercial use in Asia as source for leather and meat. Can cause some Economic loss to commercial fisheries when able to access fish caught in gill nets and/or long lines “Human exploitation Of natural resources, such as fisheries, typically depletes stocks because no attention is given to the biology of the resource and its renewable, sustainable characteristics. For example, we do not know how long Hagfish live; how old they are when they first begin to reproduce; exactly how, when or where they breed; where the youngest juveniles live; what are the diets and energy requirements of free-living hagfishes; or virtually any of the other information needed for good management. As a result, eel-skin wallets will probably become as rare as items made of whalebone , tortoise shell and ivory. “(Pough et al . 2009, pg. 59) http://www.daylife.com/photo/0e9DdRDaeV8qa http://www.daylife.com/photo/0g1T92TaxK623

  16. Extant Jawless fishes… Lamprey (Petromyzontoidea) … Class –Cephalaspidomorphi Order –Petromyzontiformes / (Hyperoartia) Family – Petromyzontidae Genera – 10 Species -~ 40 with Petromyzon sp. and Lampetra sp. most well known. Superficially resemble Hagfish, but differ in several important ways including vertebrae Unique in having a nasal opening (single) that leads to the pituitary gland. http://www.gma.org/fogm/Petromyzon_marinus.htm

  17. Extant Jawless fishes… Lamprey (Petromyzontoidea) … Petromyzonmarinus Sea Lamprey

  18. Extant Jawless fishes… Lampreys (Petromyzontoidea) … Most species are____________ Use hornified “teeth” on the surface of theoral hood and tongue Can have a negative Impact on game and commercial fisheries http://www.gma.org/fogm/Petromyzon_marinus.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boca_de_lamprea.1_-_Aquarium_Finisterrae.JPG http://www.biology.duke.edu/bio217/2005/ncy/sea%20lamprey.html

  19. Extant Jawless fishes… Lampreys (Petromyzontoidea) … Lampreys have 7 pairs of gill pouches Do not typically use _____________ Rather, they use ___________________ http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/News/2005/September/03100501.asp

  20. Extant Jawless fishes… Lampreys (Petromyzontoidea) … Nearly all species are _________________ Anadromous species that grow in adult form in the sea are the largest (up to 1m) A small parasitic species (Lampetra minima) was full grown at less than 10 cm (now extinct) Spawn in streams Lay 100,000s of eggs http://oregonstate.edu/dept/ODFW/NativeFish/Lamprey.htm

  21. Extant Jawless fishes… Lampreys (Petromyzontoidea) … Larval lamprey are called ___________________ Live in gravel beds ______________ and organic debris for 3-7 years Metamorphose and then begin journey to sea or other major water basin where they will grow and mature. Usually live as adults for less than 2 years. They migrate back up to their hatching grounds (now spawning grounds) ______________________!

  22. 3 groups appeared in the Paleozoic: 1) ___________ (ex. Arthrodires) had large boney plates and paired fins Gnathostomes http://www.noaca.org/earlgeo.gif http://www.cnrs.fr/cw/dossiers/dosevol/imgArt/dioram/PaleozoDevon/Zimg/dicksonosteus.jpg

  23. 3 groups appeared in the Paleozoic: 2) __________________ (cartilagenous fishes)*Includes … * * * Gnathostomes http://www.lifeglobe.com/images/product/Sharks/sharks04_r2_c2.jpg http://www.pangaeadesigns.com/_graphics/page/fish/large/ratfish.jpg

  24. 3 groups appeared in the Paleozoic: 3) ___________________ (spiny and bony fishes) * ______________s are (spiny fishes) are extinct *Had skeleton of bone and cartilage *Had … Gnathostomes http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/images/R-acanthodians.gif

  25. Shared ancestors with tetrapods * * Paired fins… either ray finned (_____________) or fleshy finned (___________) Osteichthyans http://www.paleodirect.org/fg009.htm

  26. Basal groups include … Actinopterygii http://www.hellscanyonsportfishing.com/images/sturgeon%20pictures/Kevin%20&%20Sturgeon%202.jpg http://www.digimorph.org/specimens/Polypterus_senegalus/whole/specimen.jpg

  27. Advanced groups include … Actinopterygii http://www.sdafs.org/laafs/Amazing%20Fish%20Pictures/Big%20Alligator%20Gar%2009-03.JPG

  28. * 2 major clades: _________, extinct except “coelocanths” ___________ (and dipnoi)“lungfish” __________________ http://kentsimmons.uwinnipeg.ca/16cm05/1116/34-14-Coelocanth.jpg http://www.bertsgeschiedenissite.nl/geschiedenis%20aarde/lungfish.jpg

  29. *Paraphyletic group… omitting amniote descendants *Extinct groups include Labrynthodonts (Ichthyostega) *Extant group (Lissamphibia) includes: ______ (caecilians) _________ (salamanders) __________ (frogs) ______________ http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/science/media/Btaitanus-PC1b.jpg http://news.siu.edu/news/May05/images/salamander.jpg http://www.yesnet.yk.ca/schools/wes/webquests_themes/frogs_theme/frogs_K/frog_species/barred/images/barred_leaf_frog_jpg.jpg

  30. Group includes Reptiles and Synapsids __________ (paraphyletic) _________ (testudinea) “turtles” __________ “tuatara” __________ “lizards, snakes etc.” ____________ “crocodiles” etc. ____________ “birds” Amniotes

  31. Amniotes with … Synapsids

  32. _______________ (echidnas and platypus) _______________ (many forms, ex. kangaroos) Mammalia

  33. ________________ (shrews, moles etc.) Mammalia

  34. ______________ (sloths, anteaters and armadillos) _______________ (single species… aardvark) Mammalia

  35. _____________ (single genus… Manis “pangolins”) Mammalia

  36. _______________ (bats) Mammalia

  37. _____________ (lemurs, monkeys, apes etc. Mammalia

  38. ______________ (pikas, hares and rabbits) Mammalia

  39. _________________ (largest mammalian order… rats etc.) Mammalia

  40. _______________ (diverse group) Mammalia

  41. _________________ (carnivores of the sea… seals etc.) Mammalia

  42. _______________ (odd-toed ungulates… horses, tapirs, rhinos) Mammalia

  43. ________________ (even-toed ungulates… sheep, deer, giraffes etc.) Mammalia

  44. _______________ (similar to rodents and ungulates ex. rock hyrax) Mammalia

  45. _______________ (elephants etc.) Mammalia

  46. _______________ (manatees etc.) Mammalia

  47. ____________ (whales and company) Mammalia

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