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Anatomical position – standing upright with palms facing forward

Anatomical position – standing upright with palms facing forward. Superficial anatomy breaks the body into anatomical landmarks and regions Sectional anatomy provides directional references. Figure 1.7 Anatomical Landmarks. Figure 1.7a. Figure 1.7b.

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Anatomical position – standing upright with palms facing forward

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  1. Anatomical position – standing upright with palms facing forward • Superficial anatomy breaks the body into anatomical landmarks and regions • Sectional anatomy provides directional references

  2. Figure 1.7 Anatomical Landmarks Figure 1.7a

  3. Figure 1.7b

  4. Figure 1.8 Abdominopelvic Quadrants and Regions Figure 1.8a

  5. Figure 1.8b, c

  6. Figure 1.9 Directional References Figure 1.9

  7. Planes and Sections are important in visualizing structures • Transverse plane divides the body into superior and inferior • Frontal (coronal) plane divides the body into anterior and posterior • Sagittal plane divides the body into left and right • Midsagittal divides the body exactly down the middle

  8. Figure 1.10 Planes of Section Figure 1.10

  9. Body Cavities • Body cavities are internal chambers holding vital organs • Cavities protect vital organs • Cavities allow organs to change in shape and size • Two body cavities • Dorsal body cavity includes the cranial cavity and the spinal cavity • Ventral body cavity includes the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity

  10. Figure 1.12a Body Cavities Figure 1.12a, b

  11. Thoracic Cavities • The thoracic cavity contains the heart and lungs. • It is subdivided into the left and right pleural cavities and the mediastinum • Each pleural cavity contains one lung lined by the visceral and parietal pleura • The mediastinum contains the pericardium, another serous membrane that surrounds the heart PLAY Animation: Heart Dissection

  12. Abdominopelvic Cavity • The abdominopelvic cavity is lined by the peritoneum • The abdominal cavity extends from the diaphragm to the superior margins of the pelvis • liver, stomach, spleen and most of the large intestine

  13. Abdominopelvic Cavity • The pelvic cavity is bordered by the pelvis, with a floor of muscle • reproductive organs, urinary bladder and the final portion of the large intestine PLAY Animation: Digestive System Dissection

  14. Clinical technology allows many different views of the body • X-rays • Computerized tomography (CT) scans • Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans • Ultrasound images • Spiral CT scans • Digital subtraction angiography images (DSA) • Positron emission tomography (PET) scans

  15. Figure 1.13 X-rays Figure 1.13

  16. Figure 1.14 Common scanning techniques Figure 1.14

  17. Figure 1.15 Special Scanning Methods Figure 1.15c

  18. You should now be familiar with: • The characteristics of life. • The sciences of anatomy and physiology and their various subdivisions. • The levels of organization in the human body. • The definition and importance of homeostasis. • The terminology associated with superficial and sectional anatomy and the body cavities.

  19. Tissues and tissue types • Tissues are: • Collections of specialized cells and cell products organized to perform a limited number of functions • Histology = study of tissues • The four tissue types are: • Epithelial • Connective • Muscular • Nervous

  20. Epithelial tissue • Includes glands and epithelium • Glands are secretory • Is avascular • Forms a protective barrier that regulates permeability • Cells may show polarity

  21. Functions of epithelium • Physical protection • Control permeability • Provide sensation • Produce specialized secretions

  22. Specializations of epithelium • Perform secretory functions • Perform transport functions • Maintain physical integrity • Ciliated epithelia move materials across their surface

  23. The Polarity of Epithelial Cells

  24. Maintaining the integrity of epithelium • Cells attach via cell adhesion molecules (CAM) • Cells attach at specialized cell junctions • Tight junctions • Desmosomes • Gap junctions

  25. Intercellular connections

  26. Structure of typical epithelium • Basal lamina attaches to underlying surface • Lamina lucida • Lamina densa • Germinative cells replace short-lived epithelial cells

  27. Classification of epithelia • Number of cell layers • Simple • Stratified • Shape of apical surface cells • Squamous • Cuboidal • Columnar

  28. Squamous Epithelia

  29. Cuboidal Epithelia

  30. Cuboidal Epithelia

  31. Columnar Epithelia

  32. Columnar Epithelia

  33. Columnar Epithelia

  34. Transitional Epithelium

  35. Glandular epithelia • Exocrine glands • Secrete through ducts onto the surface of the gland • Endocrine glands • Release hormones into surrounding fluid

  36. Glandular secretions can be: • Merocrine (product released through exocytosis) • Apocrine (involves the loss of both product and cytoplasm) • Holocrine (destroys the cell)

  37. Mechanisms of Glandular Secretion

  38. Glands • Unicellular • Individual secretory cells • Multicellular • Organs containing glandular epithelium • Classified according to structure

  39. A Structural Classification of Exocrine Glands

  40. Connective tissue functions: • Establishing a structural framework • Transporting fluids and dissolved materials • Protecting delicate organs • Supporting, surrounding and interconnecting tissues • Storing energy reserves • Defending the body from microorganisms

  41. A Classification of Connective Tissues

  42. Connective tissues contain • Specialized cells • Matrix • Composed of extracellular protein fibers and a ground substance

  43. Connective tissue proper • Contains varied cell populations • Contains various fiber types • A syrupy ground substance

  44. Fluid connective tissue • Contains a distinctive cell population • Watery ground substance with dissolved proteins • Two types • Blood • Lymph

  45. Supporting connective tissues • Less diverse cell population • Dense ground substance • Closely packed fibers • Two types • Cartilage • Bone

  46. Connective tissue proper • Contains fibers, a viscous ground substance, and a varied cell population. • The ground substance is the non-living material in which the cells and protein fibres are found. • Can contain varying amounts of water. • Can be of viscous (blood), semi-solid (cartilage) or solid (bone). • The ground substance and the extracellular proteins form the matrix.

  47. Types of cells found in connective tissue: • Macrophage • Adipocytes • Mesenchymal cells • Fibroblasts • Melanocytes • Mast cells • Lymphocytes • Microphages

  48. Connective tissue proper • Three types of fiber • Collagen fibers • Reticular fibers • Elastic fibers

  49. Connective tissue proper • Classified as loose or dense • Loose • Embryonic mesenchyme, mucous connective tissues • Areolar tissue • Adipose tissue • Reticular tissue • Dense • Dense regular CT • Dense irregular CT

  50. The Cells and Fibers of Connective Tissue Proper

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