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Animal Farm by George Orwell

Animal Farm by George Orwell. Background Notes: Take notes on Russian History To understand book. Early History. Origins: tribal, nomadic people both north and south Scandinavian invasion: Vikings (862 AD) Mongol invasion 1223 – Genghis Khan Muscovite (from Moscow) princes:

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Animal Farm by George Orwell

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  1. Animal Farmby George Orwell Background Notes: Take notes on Russian History To understand book

  2. Early History • Origins: tribal, nomadic people both north and south • Scandinavian invasion: Vikings (862 AD) • Mongol invasion 1223 – Genghis Khan • Muscovite (from Moscow) princes: • Daniel Nevsky (1263) • Ivan the Great (1462) • Ivan the Terrible (1533)

  3. Russification • Attempt to unify vast areas of Russia by requiring Russian language and emphasizing Russian culture

  4. The Romanovs • 1613 – Michael Romanov elected tsar • Romanov mission: make Russia great European power; problem: • Economically and culturally backward • Success depended on suffering of people • Method of control (Law Code of 1649) froze residency and social status of populace

  5. Romanovs

  6. Peter the Great (1682) • Catherine the Great (1762) • Alexander I (1801) • Nicholas I • Alexander II – eased censorship (assassinated 1881) • Alexander III – increased authoritarianism

  7. Czar Nicholas

  8. Nicholas II:The Last Emperor • Married Alexandra (German princess; granddaughter of England’s Queen Victoria) • Four daughters, then son (Alexei)-had hemophilia • Rasputin – peasant pilgrim, “mystic” believed by Alexandra to have healing power on son; held power over Alexandra

  9. Rasputin

  10. Russia under Nicholas • Maintained autocratic government • Ineffective ruler • Drove to develop industry • Rapid economic growth but workers suffered • War with Japan (defeated) • Revolution of 1905 • Bloody Sunday

  11. Created Duma to appease • People demanded more • Limited power

  12. Russia and WWI • Russia allied with West to stop German domination of Europe • Nicholas needed on front to command army • Alexandra left to rule (Rasputin influenced) • Food shortages; strikes broke out • Army mutinied • Nicholas forced to abdicate

  13. Death of Romanovs • Family eventually taken prisoner • Killed in Siberia probably under order of Lenin in 1918

  14. The Communists • Took over 1917 • Philosophy based on writings of Karl Marx (Communist Manifesto) • Became “Union of Soviet Socialist Republics” (Soviet Union) • Theory of Socialist society: 3 groups (working class, peasantry, white collar intelligentsia) coexist harmoniously and lay foundation for Communist Utopia

  15. Lenin

  16. Life under Communists • Bolsheviks (militant faction of socialist movement) gained control • Vladimir Lenin – first Bolshevik leader • White Russians (loyal to czar)– fought against Bolshevik “Red Army” • Red Army led by Leon Trotsky defeated White Russians • Trotsky given powerful position in Lenin’s government

  17. Trotsky

  18. Struggle for Power • Lenin dies (natural causes) • Struggle for power between Trotsky and Joseph Stalin (party’s general secretary) • Stalin takes over • Trotsky exiled • Trotsky assassinated in Mexico under orders from Stalin

  19. Stalin

  20. Stalin • Cruel leader • Removed anyone he didn’t trust • Sent to labor camps • 1934- 2/3 of Central Committee executed • 1937-1938: 1 million people shot; 2 million died in camps (Purges)

  21. Stalin’s Relationship with Hitler • Initial cooperation • Nazi expansion – Stalin sought alliance w/France & England • Secret negotiations w/Germany • Continued anti-German talks w/Allies • Signed non-aggression pact w/Hitler (possible expansionist thoughts for himself), shocking Allies

  22. 1939: Germany invades Poland (begins WWII) • Stalin invades Poland from East • Stalin deports thousands of Poles to Siberia • Stalin takes Finland and parts of Baltic • June 22, 1941 – Germany invades USSR

  23. Stalin enters the war on the side of the Allies • January, 1943 – Germans DEFEATED in Battle of Stalingrad (turning point in war) • Soviets continue pushing Germans back toward Germany • U.S. troops move toward Germany from the west

  24. Soviets/U.S. meet in Berlin; Nazis are defeated • War ends 5/8/1945

  25. Post War USSR • Stalin dies 1953 • Kruschev • Breshnev • Gorbechev • Communist rule collapses in 1991; primary surviving state: Russia

  26. “-isms”Socialism: you have two cows. Give one to your neighbor.Communism: you have two cows. Give both cows to the government, and they may give you some of the milk.Fascism: you have two cows. You give all the milk to the government, and they sell it.Nazism: you have two cows. The government shoots you and takes both of the cows.Anarchism: you have two cows. Keep both of the cows, shoot the government agent, and steal another cow.Capitalism: You have two cows. Sell one cow and buy a bull.

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