NRG

1. NRG http://www.chaseonlineinc.com/mpg_images/running_man.jpg a.k.a energy What, Where, and How? http://lh4.ggpht.com/_zG660dzV_rs/R-kGFKBShFI/AAAAAAAABww/9B6E-DkhIio/ECUADOR+(40).JPG

2. What is it used for? • Active transport across the cell membrane • Cell division • Protein production • Movement http://www.biochem.arizona.edu/classes/bioc462/462a/NOTES/LIPIDS/Fig12_29UniCotransport.GIF http://www.aolcdn.com/ch_kids/jennie-garth-dancing-with-the-stars-300v110807.jpg

3. Where does it come from? • Heterotroph- gets energy from food • Food energy = calories • Carbohydrates, proteins = 4 cal/g • Fat =9 cal/g • Autotroph – gets energy from the sun

4. Calorimetry Lab • Purpose: Which food source has the most energy available? • Hypothesis: (remember biochemistry) • Materials: • An iron ring • Tin can with glass rod • Thermometer attached to the ring stand with a clamp • Food stand (cork with a paperclip) • Candle or matches • Procedure: • Fill the can with 200ml of H2O (how many L is this?) • Choose a food item (peanut, corn chip, cheese puff, marshmallow) • Measure the initial mass of the food item on stand--record in grams • Measure the temperature of the water--record in ⁰C • Light a candle/match under the food item • Burn until the food catches on fire and goes out • Quickly measure the final temperature of the water--record • Measure the final mass of the item on stand--record

5. Calorimetry Data

6. Calorimetry Results • Calculate the amount of calories contained in each food item • Change in mass of food (Δmass )= initial-final • Change in temperature (Δtemp)= initial-final • Energy (kcal) = (Δtemp)X(volume of water in L) • Energy/gram = kcal/Δmass • Analysis/Results: • What type of food held the most calories? Why? • What is the unit used to calculate energy? • Conclusion: (to your hypothesis)

7. Then what… • Cells convert food calories to energy (ATP) • ATP- adenosine triphosphate • ATP is the currency of energy in both heterotrophs and autotrophs Adenosine P P P

8. How it works Energy from glucose Adenosine P P + + P ADP + Glucose +P ATP Adenosine P P P Stores a lot of energy

9. How it works… Adenosine P P ADP + Glucose + P • Releases Energy • Breaks Bonds • Releases phosphate P Phosphatase ATPase ATP Adenosine P P P

10. How it works… Adenosine P P ADP + Glucose + P • Requires energy • Adds a phosphate • Creates a bond • Stores NRG PO4 ATP Adenosine P P P

11. How it works… Adenosine P P ADP + Glucose + P • Requires energy • Adds a phosphate • Creates a bond • Stores NRG P • Releases Energy • Breaks Bonds • Releases phosphate PO4 Phosphatase ATPase ATP Adenosine P P P

12. How it works… Adenosine P P ADP + Glucose + P P PO4 Phosphatase ATPase ATP Adenosine P P P • Add phosphate to store energy • Lose phosphate to release energy

13. The ATP cycle • ATP cycle video http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZFzL061UBos

14. Getting ATP • Plants:use photosynthesis to make food( glucose) • What is the waste produced in this process? • Occurs in the chloroplasts Photosynthesis Song http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R_17euLU_EM&feature=related

15. Photosynthesis and Respiration Lab • Purpose: When is CO2 used and when is CO2 produced? • Hypothesis (in data table) (Bromothymol Blue indicates for the presence of carbonic acid –YELLOWcolor change, CARBON DIOXIDE is present) • Materials: Bromothymol Blue indicator, test tubes, water, Elodea, snails, light source

16. Photosynthesis and Respiration Lab Analysis/Results: • What was the control in this experiment? • What are the independent and dependent variables? • In which test tube(s) was CO2 produced? • In which test tube(s) was CO2 consumed? Conclusion:

17. Photosynthesis • Light Dependent Reaction • Happens when there is light • Involves the chloroplasts • Light Independent Reaction • Doesn’t matter if there is light +

18. PhotosynthesisLight-Dependent Reaction Carbon dioxide + water + sun = glucose + oxygen light 6 Carbon dioxide + 6 water glucose + 6 oxygen Chloroplast 6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight  C6H12O6 + 6O2 light CO2 Adenosine e- P P P e- ATP e- O2 e- Chlorophyll: thylakoid

19. Photosynthesis

20. Plants C6H12O6 + O2CO2 + H2O Aerobic Respiration (36 ATP) Photosynthesis

21. Cellular Respiration 2 types • Aerobic –uses oxygen • Makes lots of energy • Anaerobic—without oxygen • Makes a little energy http://www.kurtkoncepts.com/images/NoOxygen.jpg

22. Aerobic Cellular Respiration • Needs oxygen to burn fuel • Uses energy in food • Converts food (glucose, sugars) into usable energy (ATP) • Occurs in mitochondria of cells mitochondrion http://people.eku.edu/ritchisong/301images/animal_mitochondrion.svg.png http://www.uvm.edu/~inquiryb/webquest/fa06/mvogenbe/Animal-Cell.jpg

23. Aerobic Cellular Respiration 3 steps • glycolysis – sugar splitting 1 glucose = 2ATP • Citric acid cycle – creates CO2 and ADP • Electron Transport Chain – ADP converted to 36 ATP http://sugarmtnfarm.com/blog/uploaded_images/SplitGraniteWrongWay3792-762807.jpg

24. Aerobic Cellular Respiration 1 glucose makes 36ATP molecules That is Of energy Lots

25. Aerobic Cellular Respiration C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP Glucose + oxygen makes carbon dioxide, water, and energy http://nurmuhammad.com/Meditation/Medimage/LowRes/Breathing%20diag%20sufi%20lataif.JPG

26. Anaerobic Cellular Respiration • Used when we cannot get enough oxygen, or no oxygen available • A.K.A. = Fermentation • Produces a small amount of energy – not very efficient (only 2 ATPs) http://airlineworld.files.wordpress.com/2008/01/safety_oxygen_mask.jpg

27. Cellular Respiration Activity • This activity measures the CO2 presence in water by indicating for presence of acid. • An increase in cellular respiration will produce more CO2 and a lower pH • Carbon dioxide becomes acid in water. (producesCarbonic Acid).

28. Cellular Respiration Activity 1. Measure 5 mL of water into a cup. Test the pH of the water. Blow 10 large breaths into the water with a straw. Test the pH of the water. 2. Measure 5 mL of water into a cup. Test the pH of the water. Exercise vigorously for 2 minutes. Blow into the water with a straw 10X (large breaths). Test the pH of the water.

29. Energy Comparison • Cellular Respiration • Food broken down • Energy in glucose broken down • CO2 given off • O2 taken in • produces energy (and CO2 and H2O) • does not require light • occurs in all organisms Photosynthesis • Food synthesized • Energy from Sun stored in glucose • CO2 taken in • O2 given off • Produces sugars (w/energy bonds) • Requires light • Occurs only in presence of chlorophyll

30. Fermentation 2 types of fermentation • Lactic acid fermentation – makes 2 ATPs / glucose • occurs during strenuous exercise • “Muscle burning” • produces lactic acid in muscles http://z.hubpages.com/u/105354_f520.jpg

31. www.allotment.org.uk/.../cheese-making/index.php Making Cheese Materials Procedure Make sure all materials, equipment and your hands are as clean as possible. Wash hands before handling any materials. Pour 500 mL whole milk into your 600 mL container and 50 mL buttermilk into your 50 mL container. Heat the whole milk to 37 degrees C. Add the buttermilk to the whole milk and stir well. Cover the container with cloth or paper. Incubate at between 25 and 35 degrees C for 48 hours or until a firm curd has separated from the whey. • 500 mL whole milk • hot plate • fine-mesh cheesecloth • labels • 50 mL, 500 mL and 600 mL containers • 50 mL buttermilk • thermometer • cotton twine • 50 mL, 500 mL and 600 mL measuring devices

32. Fermentation 2. Alcoholic fermentation • occurs in yeast • used to make beer and bread • produces CO2 gas bubbles

33. Making Root beer Procedure Add 1 cup of sugar Add ¼ teaspoon of yeast Shake the bottle Swirl the mixture to make a dip in the sugar (concave) Add 1 Tablespoon of root beer extract Rinse funnel and tablespoon with water Fill bottle with water Store at Room Temperature for 3-5 days • Materials: • 2L bottle • 1 cup sugar • ¼ teaspoon yeast • 1 Tablespoon root beer extract • Funnel www.tomneilsonmusic.com/music.php

34. Fermentation Draw the demonstration in your notes CO2 gas Apple juice + yeast

35. Fermentation Observation How does temperature affect a reaction? Conclusion:

36. Cheese Day 3 • Prepare a piece of cheesecloth that will be thick enough and large enough to hold your curd. • Pour your curd into the cloth. Collect the whey in the 500 mL container. Gather the edges of the cloth to form a bag. Tie the bag with the twine and hang it to continue draining. After it has fully drained, discard the whey and place the bag in the refrigerator.