Mayer - World History - Industrial Revolution

1. (1780-1914) The Industrial Revolution

2. What? • A revolution in the way human beings work, produce things, and use energy. It is the beginning of the use of technology to move from human labor to machine labor, greatly advancing human lives. • When? • Begins in the 1780’s and continues into the 1900’s. • Where? • Begins in Great Britain, but because of the speed and ease of the inventions associated with it, it quickly spreads to Europe, the United States, and Japan. • Who? • It drastically affects the lives of every human being on the planet because of the advantages it provides.

3. Word Wall capital entrepreneur labor industry engine textile pollution wage

4. Topic1: Revolution in Great Britain

5. Learning Goal • Students will be able to explain why Great Britain was the perfect environment for an industrial revolution.

6. Revolution in Great Britain • The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain occurs because an almost perfect set of conditions build up over time that create an environment suitable for this revolution to take place: • geography makes improving food production necessary • natural resources makes developing machinery affordable and easy. • strong tradition of scientific and enlightened discovery pushes the invention process. • overseas colonies provided raw materials for factories, markets for selling finished goods, and capital to invest in expanding business.

7. Revolution in Great Britain • Great Britain is small island with a small amount of farmable land, which meant that the British were constantly searching for ways to improve food production. • Improvements in farming methods in the 1700’s and easier to produce crops(the potato and tomato from the Americas) allow the British to grow more, cheaper food with less labor. • Becomes known as the Agricultural Revolution.

8. Revolution in Great Britain • Larger food supply = Dramatic population growth in Great Britain. • Also, less farm workers are needed and millions move to British cities looking for jobs. Creates a huge demand for jobs in British cities and creates millions of potential consumers for British products.

9. Revolution in Great Britain • Great Britain had large supplies of the necessary natural resources to power new technology and machinery: • Numerous rivers • Huge supplies of coal and iron.

10. Revolution in Great Britain • Iron supplied the building materials for new machinery to speed up the working process • Coal and rivers provided the energy to power that machinery. • Led to the creation of factories in cities; providing jobs for the massive population and goods for them to purchase.

11. Revolution in Great Britain • Great Britain’s history of scientific discovery creates a tradition of invention and innovation. • Discoveries of scientists like Boyle and Newton, allow for inventions by a new generation of scientists. These new inventions revolutionize the way work is done and goods are produced. Thomas Newcomen Steam Powered Water Pump

12. Revolution in Great Britain • Great Britain also had a large empire of colonies and former colonies that provided them with a steady supply of consumers for their finished goods. • Also provided steady supply of cheap, raw materials that could be turned into finished goods.

13. Revolution in Great Britain • Worldwide trade gives Great Britain a large supply of free capital. • Allows British businesses to invest in new technology, larger factories, and more machinery to improve the speed of business.

14. Revolution in Great Britain • This revolution begins in textiles. Three new inventions greatly speed up the way cotton products are made, and eventually lead to the use of machinery in almost every industry. • Entrepreneurs begin consolidating large numbers of these machines into factories to make the process of production faster and more efficient. Spinning Jenny, James Hargreaves, 1764 Flying Shuttle, John Kay, 1773 Water Powered Loom, Edmund Cartwright, 1784

15. Revolution in Great Britain • With this shift from human powered production to machine powered production, factories began to spring up all over England. Work is more efficient, goods are produced hundreds of times faster, and profits begin piling up.

16. Essential Question • Why was Great Britain a perfect environment for an industrial revolution? • Great Britain was the perfect environment for an industrial revolution because ______________________________. • Elaboration • Evidence • 1. Great Britain’s natural resources made producing machinery very affordable. • 2. Having colonies all over the world gave Great Britain a constant source of cheap raw materials and consumers for their goods. • 3. Better methods of agriculture led to a much larger population; which demanded more goods and faster production.

17. Learning Scale 4 – I can explain how the Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain and why Great Britain was the perfect environment for an industrial revolution, including how it affected each social class. 3 –I can explain how the Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain and why Great Britain was the perfect environment for an industrial revolution. 2 – I can explain how the Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain and but not why Great Britain was the perfect environment for an industrial revolution. 1 – I can’t explain how the Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain or why Great Britain was the perfect environment for an industrial revolution.

18. Topic2: The Spread of Industry

19. Learning Goal • Students will be able to identify the major inventions of the Industrial Revolution and their advantages. Students will be able to explain how technology affects the spread of information.

20. The Steam Engine • Replaces both human and animal power. Could work at a steady pace for an unlimited amount of time without tiring. • Fuel (coal or wood) was burned to create heat, which then boiled water into steam, and that steam was pressurized. The pressurized steam was then forced through pipes where its force was used to push levers, turn wheels, and move motor parts. • The steam engine is used to power every kind of machine, factories, trains, and boats. It is the most important invention of the Industrial Revolution.

21. The Locomotive • Replaces horses and walking as the fastest method of transportation. Because of the large engines and the rails it ran on, locomotives could travel at very high speeds and pull huge amounts of weight. • Railroads quickly spread across Great Britain and the rest of the world to carry products and people quickly and cheaply. • The railroad system became the main source of land transportation in the 1800’s.

22. The Steamboat • Replaces sailing ships by attaching large steam engines to a wheel or screw that pushes the boat through the water. • Increased the speed of water travel by 20-30 times. Also no longer had to depend on the speed or direction of the wind for travel. Ships could now overcome bad weather and the current. • Ships also begin to be built with iron and steel, so they become stronger and larger. Can also carry a lot more people and cargo much farther distances. World-wide travel becomes fast and common for industrial countries.

23. The Electric Generator • Moved a magnet through coiled wire to strip away electrons from the magnet to generate electricity. • By generating their own electricity, inventors could now use electricity to power the light bulb, the telephone, the radio, and the telegraph. • Electricity became the main source of power, replacing oil and coal fuel. It was safer and more reliable and could be sent places more quickly through wires.

24. The Internal Combustion Engine • Gottlieb Daimler and Karl Benz, invent a new, lighter, more powerful engine that runs on a new source of fuel. • The internal combustion engine is powered by gasoline and doesn’t use steam to power motors. It is lighter, produces more power, and burns less fuel. • It replaces the steam engine as the main power source for transportation. Allows for smaller and lighter vehicles like automobiles, planes, and personal boats.

25. The Assembly Line • Invented by Eli Whitney in 1797; incorporated into factory use by Henry Ford in 1913. • Involved moving the product along a line of workers who were each responsible for one task. Worker then only had to be trained in one task, instead of knowing how to make the entire product. • Factory owners could replace missing workers easily and spend very little time and money training them. • The assembly line process also sped up how fast things could be produced because it only took as long as the most complex step on the line.

26. The Spread of Industry • These new methods and inventions spread quickly worldwide. The speed and ease of industrial methods multiplied the speed at which the technology spread. • By the 1820’s Germany, France, and Belgium were starting to industrialize their businesses. By the 1840’s the United States had factories and railroads being built at an even faster pace than Great Britain. • By 1870, even Japan was hiring experts from Europe and the United States to train their workers how to use and build industrial machinery.

28. U.S. Railroads in 1870

29. Learning Scale 4 – I can explain how the Industrial Revolution spread worldwide in such a short period of time as well as provide modern examples of the exponential increase in the spread of technology. 3 –I can explain how the Industrial Revolution spread worldwide in such a short period of time. 2 – I can’t explain how the Industrial Revolution spread worldwide in such a short period of time. 1 – I can’t explain how the Industrial Revolution spread worldwide in such a short period of time; I’m not even sure what the Industrial Revolution was.

30. Topic 3: The Effects of Industrialization

31. Learning Goal • Students will be able to explain how the Industrial Revolution affected the working classes socially and economically.

32. The Effects of Industrialization • The Industrial Revolution changed the way we live, where we live, and how we buy, sell, and make products. It produced inventions and technology that made life easier, faster, and more efficient. • It created mass production, made products cheap and available to everyone, and created jobs and wealth for millions. • But the effects of Industrial Revolution were not all beneficial. And not everyone benefitted from the boom in technology and business.

33. The Effects of Industrialization Effect # 1… • Machine work begins being used in the textile and almost every other industry.

34. BAD GOOD • Machines work puts most cottage industries out business; hand-crafted products mostly disappear. • In order to keep factories running day and night, workers are required to work 12 to 16 hour shifts; working conditions are terrible. • Because machine work requires very little skill most business hire women and children as young as 5; wages are next to nothing. • Machines begin being used in every type of business made goods easier to make and cheaper to buy. • Large factories require workers to keep machines running all day long to keep up production, so millions of new jobs open up. • Cheaper goods mean that products are available to everyone.

35. The Effects of Industrialization Effect # 2… • Huge population increase takes place in all industrialized countries.

36. BAD GOOD • Cities cannot keep up with their growth in population. Housing and sanitation is not able to keep up with population growth. • Living conditions are pitiful. Waste thrown in the street, multiple families live in single apartments, and diseases run rampant. • Because there are so many workers, competition for jobs is high, so wages are low. All family members must work to survive. Affording medicine, heating, and food is barely possible. • Huge population increase provides millions of new workers for new factories being built by businesses. • As population grows, so does the size of cities. Most major cities triple or quadruple in size from 1800 – 1900 AD. • As the population grows, so does the need for products like clothes and other goods. Industrialized countries rake in massive profits to be invested.

37. The Effects of Industrialization Effect # 3… • Inventions like the steam engine, locomotive, automobile, light bulb, the telephone change life forever.

38. BAD GOOD • These new inventions are dependent on natural resource fuel sources, so more and more raw materials must be found and collected to keep them running. • The new fuels all create some sort of exhaust, which causes a massive increase in water and air pollutionand new dangers for those living in cities. • Control of these new technologies created huge monopolies in business. Their wealth gives them power over the working class. • Transportation and communication is sped up dramatically. People, information, and goods can be transported easily and cheaply. • Time saving inventions allow people free time. Movies, radio, and professional sports begin to become popular in the 18 and 1900’s. • As technology spreads at an increasing rate, these conveniences become cheaper and more affordable.

39. The Effects of Industrialization Current Event: Living and working conditions in industrialized countries • Choose an article that deals with the living or working conditions in a modern day country that is dealing with industrialization. Keywords to search for: overcrowding, pollution, labor conditions, factory deaths, contamination, child labor • Read the article more than once and identify the main idea and how it relates to what you learned about living and working conditions in industrialized countries. • Your article must be current(within the last 8 months). • Summarize the article(100-150 words). Make sure to identify the main idea, give details about the living and working conditions within the article, and if and how those conditions are being addressed today. • You must either print out the article and attach it to your summary or email your summary with a link to the article.

40. Learning Scale 4 – I can explain the social and economic effects of the Industrial Revolution, especially on the working classes. I can also provide modern examples of societies experiencing the same conditions. 3 –I can explain the social and economic effects of the Industrial Revolution, especially on the working classes. 2 – I can explain the social and economic effects of the Industrial Revolution but not with any special effects on the working classes. 1 – I can’t explain the social and economic effects of the Industrial Revolution.