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Mayer - World History - Protestant Reformation
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What? • The Protestant Reformation is a movement in Europe during Renaissance times to reform and fix the abuses and corruption in the Catholic Church. • Where? • The Protestant Reformation takes place in Europe, and is centered around Germany and France. • When? • It begins in the late 1300’s and continues into the 1600’s. • Who? • Millions of Christians in Europe are involved in the Reformation. All Christians are forced to choose a side in the split.
Word Wall reform indulgences excommunication heretics Protestant schism infallible papal
Learning Goal • Students will be able to identify major problems and criticisms of the medieval Catholic Church and explain how those problems affected the Church’s reputation.
Problems in the Catholic Church • During medieval times, the Catholic Church is the largest, most powerful organization in Europe. Almost 100% of Europeans are Christian, and the Church has more money, land, and power than any king. • Because there is no one to challenge their dominance, over time problems begin to surface in the Catholic Church.
Papal Corruption • As the leader of all Christians, the Pope becomes the most powerful position in Europe and the office of Pope begins to be overrun by wealthy politicians who have no interest in religious matters. • 900 - 1500 AD • the title of pope is won through bribery several times. • Several popes were murdered by rivals who wanted the position. • Many popes had wives, mistresses, and illegitimate children. • Reputation of the office of Pope is severely damaged; opens the Pope to criticism and attack
The Inquisition • To ensure their power and crush any resistance, the Catholic Church creates a secret court called the Inquisition to find and destroy any opposition. • The Inquisition is created to hunt down heretics; non-believers like Jews, Muslims, devil-worshippers, and witches. • In reality, the Inquisition is used hunt down ANYONE who opposes the Church. • The Inquisition used extreme measures. • Could be arrested with no proof, tortured until they confessed, and then executed with no trial. • Public humiliation, Jailed with no sentence, and excommunicated. • Soon, the Inquisition becomes the Church’s own secret police force that answers only to the Pope.
The Great Schism • The Pope and other powerful bishops had disagreed for many years over who was the true leaders of all Christians. • 1054 - Pope demands the other bishops sign documents accepting the Pope as the one, true leader of the Catholic Church. • When the Bishop of Constantinople refuses, he is excommunicated. In return, the Bishop declares independence from the Pope and forms a new Christian church which becomes the Eastern Orthodox Church. • This basically splits all Christians in half; • European Christians = Roman Catholic Church • Russian, Byzantine, and Middle Eastern Christians = Eastern Orthodox Church.
The Western Schism • 1378 – Pope Benedict VIII and the King Phillip VI of France argue over whether the king has the right to collect taxes from Catholic Churches in France. • King – need money for wars; Pope – not allowed to tax churches • Phillip taxes churches anyway, Pope excommunicates him. Phillip marches French army to Rome, Pope goes into hiding. Phillip forces the remaining bishops to elect a new, French pope of his choosing. • Phillip and his new pope return to France and set up in Avignon. Phillip declares his pope to be the new, true pope of the Church. However, once Phillip leaves Rome, the Church elects a new Italian pope and declares him to be the true Pope.
The Western Schism • Two popes = people must choose who to believe. Each pope declares the other to be false and the Anti-Christ and calls for Christians to ignore the false pope. • This is one the most embarrassing times in the Catholic Church’s history, and causes many Catholics to lose faith in the Pope and his leadership. • According to the Catholic Church, the Pope is God’s voice on Earth and is infallible, but this exposes the Pope as just another corrupt Church official. • Continues until 1417, when both sides finally meet and elect a new pope which they both can agree on, but the damage to the Church’s reputation in done.
The Black Death • 1347 - The Black Death, or the bubonic plague, lands in Europe on fleas, carried by rats, from Asia that are carried on merchant ships to Italy. Spreads to all of Europe within 5 years. • Population of Europe is cut in half. 38-40 million people die. So many dead the bodies are left in the street without being buried. • Plague = punishment from God; turn to their church to save them. No matter what they order their followers to do, church leaders are unable to stop the plague. • Many priests and church officials abandon their people and go into hiding. Being abandoned by the Church angers many people; people’s confidence in the Catholic Church declines.
Indulgences • Indulgencesbegan in the 500’s. Christians could receive forgiveness for some or all of their sins for providing good deeds • Converting others to Christianity • Taking care of the sick or poor • Contributing to the Church. • Around 800 AD the Catholic Church began to use indulgences as a way to raise money. Priests travel the land offering indulgencesto anyone who would pay. More money = More forgiveness • Sale of indulgences destroys reputation of Catholic Church; • Money-hungry • Misleading its followers • Distorting Jesus’ message • Even priests within the Church feel the need to speak out against indulgences.
“As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, from damnation the soul springs….” - John Tetzel (Famous sales pitch for selling indulgences)
Essential Question • What were the major problems and criticisms of the medieval Catholic Church? • The major problems and criticisms of the medieval Catholic Church were _________________________________.
Essential Question • How did those problems affect the reputation of the Catholic Church? • Those problems affected the reputation of the Catholic Church by _____________________________________________. • Elaboration • Evidence • 1. • 2. • 3.
Learning Scale 4 – I can identify all of the major problems and criticisms of the medieval Christian Church and can go into full detail regarding at least one of those issues. 3 – I can identify all of the major problems and criticisms of the medieval Christian Church. 2 – I can identify some of the major problems and criticisms of the medieval Christian Church. 1 – I can’t identify any of the major problems and criticisms of the medieval Christian Church.
Learning Goal • Students will be able to identify major figuresof the Reformation and explain how each of them affected it.
The Reformation • The abuses and corruption of the Church boils over in the 1400’s. Humanism from Italy spreads north and inspires people to attempt to reform the Catholic Church. • Thousands of people protest Church corruption. • Refuse to pay their tithes • Begin reading and preaching the bible to each other • Refuse to attend church services and sacraments • Church response = The Inquisition. • Many people attempt to reform the Catholic Church, but are unsuccessful. • John Huss – Burned at the stake • John of Leyden – killed by army of Catholics • Huldrych Zwingli – killed by army of Catholics • John Wycliffe – died of natural causes, body was dug up and burned
The Reformation • By 1500, there is open rebellion against the Catholic Church. • Attacks on monasteries • Arrest and punish corrupt priests • Loot and burn Catholic Churches • Fighting between loyal Catholics and reformers • People are forced to break away from the Catholic Church and form new churches. Splits Christianity in half again. But this time, the schism is violent. War breaks out between loyal Catholic kingdoms (Spain, France, Italian cities) and Protestant kingdoms (England, Netherlands, German states). • Late 1500’s – The Catholic Church begins reforms. Will not change existing traditions, but ends most corrupt practices.
Desiderius Erasmus • Dutch priest, develops a philosophy called Christian Humanism. • Christian Humanism – • People are intelligent and reasonable, can understand and have a personal relationship with God without Church. Should have access to Bible. • Church should focus on preaching a proper way to live and be an example of a good Christian life. Should act as a guide to a good relationship with God. • Openly criticized Church and pope, inspiring others to follow. Writes letters asking Pope to replace existing Church leaders and change the way the church operates, get rid of corruption. • Refuses to break from Catholic Church or change Church traditions; believes Church must be fixed internally.
Martin Luther • German monk, professor. Became concerned that Catholic Church was abusing their power, especially upset about indulgences. • Believed “Faith alone” was necessary for entry into heaven. Church ceremonies, rituals, even good deeds were false acts to gain God’s grace. • 1517 – publishes his ideas and criticisms of the church in a letter called the “95 Theses”. Writes in German to be read by everyone, because of the printing press it spreads to all Europe by 1519. • Millions visit the University of Wittenberg to hear Luther lecture. The pope sends several famous priests to debate Luther and force him to withdraw his comments. • 1521 – Luther is called before the Pope, excommunicated, and made an outlaw. Escapes into the mountains of Germany and goes into hiding.
Martin Luther • 1526 – Fully breaks from Catholic Church. With the help of German princes, sets up a new Lutheran Church in the kingdom of Saxony (modern day Germany). • The Lutheran Church spreads quickly through Germany and is extremely popular. • Churches are less strict, No leader, Jesus is only head of church • Less ceremonies and rituals, priests allowed to marry • Focused on preaching, reading the Bible for yourself, encouraged discussion and teaching of the Bible by everyone. Not just priests • By 1540, Luther has 2 – 3 million followers in Germany alone. • Officially begins what we call Protestant Christianity. Protestantis any Christian church that splits from the Catholic Church in protest of Catholic Church abuses.
John Calvin • Preaches pre-destination: • God has already decided who will be saved • Since salvation is predetermined, paying tithes and swearing loyalty through Catholic sacraments will not change that. • Calvin preaches that Christians should focus on reading their Bible themselves to understand God and doing good works to live as Jesus did. Does away with almost all Catholic traditions. • Published several books about his beliefs and breaks away from the Catholic Church. His followers soon expanded his teaching, along with others to form the Calvinist Church. It becomes the majority church in Scotland, Switzerland, the Netherlands, and parts of France. • Now mainly called the Reformed Church, it spawned numerous other churches like Baptist, Presbyterian, and Quaker.
Henry VIII • King of England from 1509 – 1547. Married Catherine of Aragon, a Spanish princess. After she is unable to produce a son for him, Henry plans for divorce. • Begs the Pope to end his marriage, but is refused. Outraged, Henry takes advantage of the Protestant movement. • 1534 – Henry splits from the Catholic Church and creates the Church of England or Anglican Church. Makes very few changes in tradition or belief; but makes himself new head of the church. • Creates a middle ground between the Catholic belief in papal supremacy and Lutheran belief in Jesus alone as head of the Church. • The Anglican Church becomes the official church of England and spawns several other Christian churches; like Methodist, Episcopal, and Assembly of God.
Essential Question • Who were the major figuresof the Reformation? • The major figures of the Reformation were ____________________.
Essential Question • How did each of them affect the Reformation? • ___________________ affected the Protestant Reformation by _________________________. • Elaboration • Evidence • 1. • 2. • 3.
Learning Scale 4 – I can identify all the major leaders of the Reformation and the Catholic Church’s response to it, as well as explain why the Catholic Church’s response failed and aided the Reformation movement. 3 – I can identify all the major leaders of the Reformation and the Catholic Church’s response to it. 2 – I can identify some the major leaders of the Reformation and the Catholic Church’s response to it. 1 – I can identify some of the major leaders of the Reformation but not the Catholic Church’s response to it.
