The Enlightenment

1. The Enlightenment

2. Chapter 5 Section 1 Reading Focus • How did scientific progress promote trust in human reason? • How did the social contract and separation of powers affect views on government? • How did new ideas affect society and the economy?

3. Chapter 5 Section 1 Vocabulary • Natural Law: rule or law that governs human nature • Social Contract: • Natural right: right that belong to all humans from birth • Philosophe: enlightened thinkers who used science to improve society • Physiocrat: enlightened thinker who searched for natural laws to explain economics • Laissez Faire: policy allowing business to operate with little or no government interference.

4. Chapter 5 Section 2 Reading Focus • What roles did censorship and the salons play in the spread of new ideas? • How did philosophes influence enlightened despots? • How did the Enlightenment affect arts and literature? • Why were the lives of majority unaffected?

5. Chapter 5 Section 1 Vocabulary • Censorship: restriction on access to ideas and information. • Salon: informal gathering where ideas and information were exchanged. • Enlightened Despot: absolute ruler who used their power to bring about change. • Baroque: ornate style of art and architecture. • Rococo: elegant style of art and architecture.

6. What Was the Enlightenment? The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement in Europe during the 18th century that led to a whole new world view.

7. According to the 18th- century philosopher Immanuel Kant, the “motto” of the Enlightenment was “Sapere aude! Have courage to use your own intelligence!” (Kant, “What Is Enlightenment?” 1784) Immanuel Kant

8. Enlightenment Principles • Religion, tradition, and superstition limited independent thought • Accept knowledge based on observation, logic, and reason, not on faith • Scientific and academic thought should be secular A meeting of French Enlightenment thinkers

9. Enlightenment Thinkers

10. René Descartes (1596–1650) • French philosopher and mathematician • Questioned the basis of his own knowledge • “Cogito ergo sum”

11. The French Salon and the Philosophes • Madame de Pompadour • Salons: gatherings for aristocrats to discuss new theories and ideas • Philosophes: French Enlightenment thinkers who attended the salons Madame de Pompadour

12. Voltaire (1694–1778) • Most famous philosophe • Wrote plays, essays, poetry, philosophy, and books • Attacked the “relics” of the medieval social order • Championed social, political, and religious tolerance

13. The Encyclopédie • Major achievement of the philosophes • Begun in 1745; completed in 1765 Frontspiece to the Encyclopédie

14. The Encyclopédie (continued) • Denis Diderot and Jean Le Rond d’Alembert • Banned by the Catholic Church Encyclopédie editor Denis Diderot

15. Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679) • Applied rational analysis to the study of government • Attacked the concept of divine right, yet supported a strong monarchy • Believed that humans were basically driven by passions and needed to be kept in check by a powerful ruler

16. John Locke (1632–1704) • The “State of Nature” • Tabula rasa

17. Locke(continued) • Treatises of Government • Rights

18. Jean-Jacques Rousseau(1712–1778) • Philosophized on the nature of society and government • The Social Contract

19. Baron de Montesquieu (1689–1755) • French noble and political philosopher • The Spirit of the Laws

20. Montesquieu (continued) • Separation of powers • Constitutional monarchy Frontspiece to The Spirit of the Laws

21. Women and the Enlightenment • Changing views • Role of education • Equality Mary Wollstonecraft Olympe de Gouges

22. Mary Wollstonecraft • Declaration of the Rights of Man • A Vindication of the Rights of Women

23. Wollstonecraft (continued) • Education • Women’s rights movement Title page of Wollstonecraft’s Thoughts on the Education of Daughters

24. Olympe De Gouges • Criticized the French Revolution • The Rights of Women • “Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen” • Executed in 1793

25. “Enlightened Monarchs” • Most of Europe ruled by absolute monarchs • Receptive to Enlightenment ideas • Instituted new laws and practices Enlightened Monarchs • Frederick II, Prussia • Catherine the Great, Russia • Maria Theresa, Austria • Joseph II, Holy Roman Empire • Gustav III, Sweden • Napoleon I, France

26. Frederick the Great (ruled 1740–1786) • Prussian ruler • Had a strong interest in Enlightenment works • Induced Voltaire to come to Prussia

27. Frederick the Great (continued) • Wanted to make Prussia a modern state • Reforms Painting titled “Frederick the Great and Voltaire.”

28. Catherine the Great(ruled 1762–1796) • Russian ruler • Well-versed in Enlightenment works • “Westernizing” Russia

29. Catherine the Great(continued) • Domestic reforms • Peasant revolt

30. Maria Theresa (ruled 1740–1780) • Austrian ruler • Government reforms • The serfs • Son—Joseph II

31. Joseph II (ruled 1765–1790) • Ruled as coregent with his mother until 1780 • Joseph’s reforms • Religious toleration • Control over the Catholic Church • Abolition of serfdom

32. Gustav III (ruled 1771–1792) • Swedish ruler • Read French Enlightenment works • Reforms • Absolutism

33. Napoleon I • French ruler • Military career • Rise to power

34. Napoleon I (continued) • Reforms • Education • Law

35. Chapter 5 Section 3 Reading Focus • What influences spurred Britain’s rise to global power? • How did the growth of constitutional government reflect conditions in politics and society. • How did George III reassert royal power?

36. Chapter 5 Section 3 Vocabulary • Constitutional Government: government whose powered is defined and limited by law. • Cabinet: parliamentary advisors to the king who originally met in a small room, cabinet. • Prime Minister: head of the cabinet in a parliamentary government; usually the leader of the largest party in the legislature. • Oligarchy: government in which ruling power belongs to a few people.

37. Grab a textbook before the bell rings and open to page 154

38. Rise to Global Power • Geography • Success in War • A Favorable Business Climate • Union with Scotland • Ireland

39. Constitutional Government • Political Parties • Torres- • landed aristocrats who liked tradition. • Supported broad royal power • Supported Anglican Church • Whigs- • Favored the Glorious Revolution- controlled Monarch • Business backers • Tolerate of religion • Favored Parliament over the Monarch

40. Constitutional Government • The Cabinet System • George I- German Protestant- inherited the throne • Established advisors for decisions • Members are part of the majority party in the House of Commons • Remained intact unless the House of Commons voted against them

41. Constitutional Government • Prime Minister- • Leader of the majority party

42. The Enlightenment and the American Revolution • Influence of Locke, Montesquieu • The Declaration of Independence Thomas Jefferson

43. Politics and Society • Land owners “Natural ruling class” • Held seats in the House of Commons • Wealthy land owners and Business leaders • Controlled cities and elections • Voting Right • Male property owners • Votes bought and sold openly

44. Politics and Society • Commoners • Meager lives • Wealthy bought up farm land • Drifted to the towns • Middle Class • Merchants and Manufacturers • Controlled towns and city affairs

45. George III Reasserts Royal Power • Born in England • Friends in high places • Dissolve the cabinet • Charge colonies for their defense • Mental illness lead to restoring the cabinet • Prime Minister gains leadership power during Napoleon’s conquests.

46. The U.S. Constitution • Separation of powers • Checks and balances Painting depicting the Constitutional Convention

47. The Enlightenment and the French Revolution • The American Revolution • The Estates General The Marquis de Lafayette

48. The Declaration of theRights of Man • Adopted by National Assembly in 1789 • “Liberté, Egalité, Fraternité”

49. The Legacy of the Enlightenment • Government • Society • Education The signing of the U.S. Constitution