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The Spread of Colonial Rule. Expansion into Africa and Asia
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1. The High Tide of Imperialism
2. The Spread of Colonial Rule Expansion into Africa and Asia
“Christians and Spices” said Vasco da gama
raw materials and markets
The Motives
Economic
National Grandeur
Moral purposes
The Tactics
From: Limited to controlling regional trade network and established a few footholds for trade and missionary work
To: solidifying hold over their territories for security control, national prestige, before economic interests
3. The Spread of Colonial Rule, cont’d Global land grab
By 1900, almost all Africa and Asia under colonial rule
Exceptions:
Japan
Strategy of political and economic reform
Thailand
Used as buffer state
Afghanistan and Ethiopia
Remote location and mountainous terrain
Iran
4. The Colonial System
Resistance from societies with long traditions of national cohesion
Direct and indirect rule
Philosophy of Colonialism
Social Darwinism – “survival of the fittest”
Comfortable theory: brought benefits of Western democracy, capitalism, and Christianity to tradition-ridden societies
Enabled primitive peoples to adapt to challenges of modern world
Ignored brutal aspects of colonialism; persuaded that both parties would benefit
5. The Colonial System, cont’d Assimilation or Association?
The French rationalization
Assimilation: Transform colonial societies in the Western image
Association: Collaboration with local elites while leaving local traditions alone
Aroused resentment among local population
Returned to ‘force by arms”
The British
No assimilation - treated subjects as culturally and racially distinct
6. India Under the British Raj Territories owned by East India Company, British crown, local maharajas, and rajas
Colonial Reforms
Order and stability
Education - Thomas Babington Macaulay
Educated elites, and girls
Outlawed sati, ended brigandage, thuggee
Introduced railroads, the telegraph, and postal service
Costs of Colonialism
British textiles supplanted Indian textile industry
Zamindar system
Failed to bring benefits of modern science and technology
Psychological effects
7. India Under British Rule, 1805-1931
8. The Company Resident and His Puppet
9. Colonial Regimes in Southeast Asia “Opportunity in the Orient”: The Colonial Takeover in Southeast Asia
British – Malayan peninsula: Singapore, Burma
French – Indochina: Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos
American – Philippines
The Nature of Colonial Rule
Indirect rule and some direct rule
Administration and Education
Slow to create democratic institutions
Slow to adopt educational reforms
Economic Development
Reluctant to take up “white man’s burden”
Slow economic development
10. Colonialism and the Countryside Many continued to live by subsistence agriculture
Emphasis of cash crops for exports created plantation agriculture
Peasants worked as wage laborers on rubber and tea plantations for poverty wages “shanghaied”
Taxes and population growth were a burden on rural areas
Migration to the sitty led to squatter settlements
modern economy created “Modernizing elite” or entrepreneurial class
11. Colonial Southeast Asia
13. Empire Building in Africa The Growing European Presence in West Africa
Slave trade
Abolished by all major countries in the world by 1880s
“Legitimate trade”
More permanent presence
Gold Coast and Sierra Leone
Liberia
New class of Africans
“Informal Empire”
Imperialist Shadow over the Nile
Napoleon
Muhammad Ali
Suez Canal, 1854-1869
Sudan
Algiers
14. The Opening of the Suez Canal
15. The Suez Canal
16. Empire Building in Africa Arab Merchants and European Missionaries in East Africa
Increase slave trade for plantation agriculture in East Africa and islands off the coast
Réunion (sugar), Zanzibar (cloves)
Rise of Western interest against slave trade and Christian missionary activity
David Livingstone – 1841
Abolitionist cause
Slave market at Zanzibar closed in 1873
17. Legacy of Shame
18. Bantus, Boers, and British in South Africa Boers – Afrikaans-speaking farmers
Great Trek – mid-1830s
Believed that white superiority was ordained by god
Set up the Orange Free State and the South African Republic (Transvaal)
British
Abolished slavery in British Empire in 1834
More sympathetic to rights of local African population
Zulus, a Bantu people, fought Europeans but were defeated and confined to reservations
19. The Struggle for Southern Africa
20. The Scramble for Africa European rivalries
Trade
Missionary factor
Superiority in firearms
Belgium’s claim on the Congo
Conference of Berlin, 1884
Britain and France at Fashoda; France backs down
21. Colonialism in Africa European governments ruled with least effort and expense
Indirect Rule in West Africa
Preserve African political traditions because thought Africans were inherently inferior to white race so incapable of adopting European customs and institutions
Relied on existing political elites and institutions
Cameroon
Nigeria
22. Africa in 1914
23. Colonialism in Africa, cont’d British Rule in East Africa
Kenya
White settlers sought self-government and dominion status, but British avoided racial tensions.
British established separate government organs for European and African populations
British Rule in South Africa
Higher percentage of European settlers
Growing division between English-speaking and Afrikaner elements
Discovery of gold and diamonds source of problems
Boer War – British defeated Afrikaans
Concession: gave power to vote only to whites in self-governing colonies
British created independent Union of South Africa for Afrikaans in 1910
Cape Colony, Natal, and Boer republics
Representative government only for European population
British: Basutoland (Lesotho), Bechuanaland (Botswana), Swaiziland, Rhodesia
24. Revere the Conquering Heroes
25. Colonialism in Africa, cont’d Direct Rule, French style
Direct rule – centralized administrative system
Governor-general, commissioners, local administrators
Assimilate Africans into French culture rather than preserve natives traditions
Africans eligible to run for office and serve in French National Assembly
Relative absence of racist attitudes, superiority of Gallic culture, belief in universality of human nature
26. Women in Colonial Africa Mixed impact on rights and status of women in Africa
Sexual relationships changed
Colonial governments tried to bring an end to forced marriage, bodily mutilations (clitoridectomy), and polygamy.
Missionaries educated women and encouraged them to organize themselves to defend their interests
End of matrilineal systems:
European settlers dealt with males while women restricted to traditional farming methods
Men used chemical fertilizer, women used manure
Men transported goods using bikes and trucks, women carried goods on heads
Restrictions on women’s freedom
28. The Emergence of Anticolonialism Stirrings of Nationhood
Imperialism brought a consciousness of modern nationhood
Introduction of western ideas of citizenship and representative government
New elite
Traditional Resistance: A Precursor to Nationalism
Led by existing ruling class
Resistance in India
Peasant revolts
29. Religious Resentment Sudan – Mahdi – strong Islamic overtones
India - The Sepoy Rebellion – 1857
Sipahi, horseman or soldier – native troops hired to protect British interests
Enfield rifle had cartridges covered with animal fat or lard which had to be bitten off
Hindus do not eat animal products and Muslims do not eat pork
Full-scale mutiny supported by uprisings in rural areas
British suppressed rebellion with arms and armies
30. Discussion Questions What were the causes of the new imperialism of the 19th C, and how did it differ from European expansion in earlier periods?
What were some of the major consequences of British rule in India, and how did they affect the Indian people?
What factors were behind the “scramble for Africa,” and what impact did it have on the continent?
How did the subject peoples respond to colonialism, and what role did nationalism play in their response?