A CAREER IN SURVEYING & MAPPING: FACTOR IN CONFLICT RESOLUTION AND MANAGEMENT.

1. A CAREER IN SURVEYING & MAPPING: FACTOR IN CONFLICT RESOLUTION AND MANAGEMENT. BY SURV. (CHIEF) INNOCENT EGBUH, MNIS PRESENTATED AT THE WOMEN-IN-SURVEYING 2ND REGIONAL SEMINAR AT HOTEL PRESIDENTIAL, PORT HARCOURT, 28TH MARCH, 2006.

2. INTRODUCTION • Like people, occupations have traits or characteristics. • These characteristics give important clues about the nature of the work and work environment ; • Give you an opportunity to match your own personal interests to a specific occupation • When you choose a job in an occupation that matches your own interests you have taken an important step in planning a successful and rewarding career.

3. THE PROFESSION • Excellent careers await young people in the broad range of surveying and mapping sciences. • Surveying and mapping technologies have undergone dramatic transformations during the past few decades. Surveying, once viewed as the work of technicians, is now considered a profession of high-tech multidisciplines having focus and application in land-related issues. Each of these disciplines employs state-of-the-art equipment and resources at the forefront of emerging technologies.

4. THE PROFESSION • Geodesy • Photogrammetry • Land Surveying • Remote Sensing • Spatial Information Databases • Geographic Information Systems • Cartography

5. THE PROFESSION • Surveyors come from many diverse back­grounds. Some may have considered careers in: • Geography • Forestry • Geology • Computer Science • Engineering

6. EDUCATION, EXPERIENCE AND LICENSURE • Licensure as a Professional Surveyor is required in Nigeria. To obtain licensure, you require a degree in Surveying and Mapping or related sciences along with four years of experience working under the supervision of a licensed professional surveyor. • In addition to education and experience, an examination is required for licensure. Surveyors Council of Nigeria conducts the examination. • Another requirement is that you belong to a professional association such as the Nigerian Institution of Surveyors (NIS).

7. Employment Employment in surveying and mapping covers many areas including: • Land Surveying which is traditional boundary surveys relating to land ownership issues and measurements of the earth’s surface. • Geodesy which includes mathematics, physics and astronomy. • Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry, which utilizes aircraft, satellites, film and digital camera equipment. • Global Positioning System which involves satellites and 3D positioning with earth-based equipment for surveying, mapping and navigation. • Cartography which includes creating road maps, topo maps, and navigation charts. • Geographic Information Systems which is an information framework that is spatial and geographically related. • Hydrography which involves surveying water bodies, and other water-related measurements.

8. SALARIES & BENEFITS • Salaries, benefits and compensation vary with the locale, the employee’s primary assignment, the size of the firm and the availability of personnel. Most surveying and mapping personnel, however, enjoy median to higher salaries for areas in which they are employed.

9. Career Opportunities Professional Surveyor Photogrammetrist GIS Manager Business Owner Surveying & Engineering Firm Ministry of Transportation Ministry of Works Construction Business Energy and Utility Companies City, County, or State Surveyor Bureau of Lands & Housing Forest Service Ministry of Agriculture Geological Survey National Geodetic Survey • Whether the surveyor chooses to specialize in one or more of the disciplines, he or she will find a career in surveying both exciting and challenging. It gives the outdoor enthusiast the chance to work in the open and quite often provides the opportunity to travel. Career opportunities are: • Career satisfaction is phenomenal. Most professionals asked described it as ‘There being no other profession quite like it and would not want to do anything else.” A career in surveying and mapping offers engaging and diverse areas of work, with highly professional skills, advanced technologies and top flight career satisfaction.

10. THE SURVEYOR IN CONFLICT MANAGEMENT & RESOLUTION • Dispute resolution is unique within Surveying & Mapping, because dispute avoidance, management and resolution are areas of professional practice in which surveyors of all disciplines are at one time or another, involved. The dispute resolution process requires proficient communication and negotiation skills to achieve a settlement, whether through Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) procedures, i.e. arbitration, independent expert determination, adjudication and mediation; or litigation.

11. Dispute Resolution Techniques 1 • Negotiation– Proactive dialogue between the parties. • Mediation – A private, quick, cheap process where a third party facilitates dialogue between the parties in order that the parties can reach their own decision that is initially non-binding. The parties can however, agree to be bound by their final decision. • Conciliation – similar to mediation, but that the conciliator can suggest a solution. • Early Neutral Evaluation – a private and non-binding technique whereby a third party, usually legally qualified, provides an opinion of the likely outcome of the dispute. • Independent Expert Determination – a private process where an independent expert with inquisitorial powers provides a binding decision.

12. Dispute Resolution Techniques 2 • Adjudication - an expert rules on a technical issue within a certain number of days. The decision is binding in the interim, until a further process is initiated. • Arbitration – a judicial, private, binding process where the appointed third party provides a decision based on the evaluation of each sides representations. • Litigation – a formal, public process where disputes are taken through the civil courts providing binding judgments on the parties, subject to rights of appeal.

13. THE SURVEYOR’S ESSENTIAL COMPETENCIES 1 • I. Technical • A. Mathematics/coordinate geometry • B. Surveying principles/ethics/standards • C. Computer skills/mapping/field equipment/programmable calculators • D. GPS technology/principles • E. Boundary and cadastral survey principles/procedures • F. Basic legal surveying terminology • G. Basic knowledge of Scope of Work/Services • H. Contract Admin/AE/COTR • II. Inter/Intra-Personal Skills • A. Building Partnerships • B. Conflict Resolution • C. Customer Service • D. Effective Facilitation • E. Presentation Skills • F. Goal Setting • ENTRY LEVEL • Description:Performs surveying work consisting of topographic, boundary, cadastral, photogrammetry, construction layout, design, and quantities surveys. Degree in land surveying or professional land surveyor license or equivalent qualifying experience with land surveyor-in-training Certificate is required. • III. Safety • A. Care and use of cutting tools • B. Care and use of 4-wheel drive vehicles • C. Basic first aid and CPR • D. Weather conditions and wildlife

14. Knowledge, Skills, and Abilities ENTRY LEVEL • Basic knowledge of surveying principles, practices and techniques for land surveying, geodetic surveying, and engineering surveying • Ability to apply analytical thinking and make sound decisions • Basic knowledge of field and office procedures, work practices, techniques, and processes for conducting various surveys • Basic knowledge of land ownership laws • Basic knowledge and ability to research records and other data sources to prepare reports • Basic knowledge of surveying mathematical formulae covering both plane and spherical geometry, state plane coordinate systems, and its application in performing surveying computations such as the reduction of stellar observations, curve solutions, line intersects, coordinate inverses, field angle and bearing traverses, quantity surveys, and area solutions • Basic knowledge of the principles, practices, and techniques of photogrammetry • Basic skill to operate computers, data collectors, and software, especially surveying and civil engineering software. Basic skill to program and operate programmable calculators • Basic skill to operate surveying instruments, such as total stations, theodolites, electronic measuring equipment, etc. Basic working knowledge of GPS technology • Communication skills (verbal and writing) to make personal contacts and communicate effectively to include simple technical reports/scope of work/services and legal descriptions

15. ESSENTIAL COMPETENCIES 2 • I. Technical • A. Mathematics/state plane coordinate systems/coordinate geometry • B. Surveying principles/ethics/standards, and procedures of rules of evidence • C. Computer mapping operation/processes; field equipment; programmable calculators • D. GPS technology/principles • E. Boundary and cadastral survey principles/procedures • F. Legal surveying terminology • G.Contract Admin/AE/COTR • II. Inter/Intra-Personal Skills • A. Building Partnerships • B. Conflict Resolution • C. Customer Service • D. Effective Facilitation • E. Presentation Skills • F. Goal Setting • DEVELOPMENTAL LEVEL • Description: Performs surveying work consisting of topographic, boundary, cadastral, photogrammetry, GPS, construction layout, design, and quantities surveys. Degree in land surveying with land surveyor-in-training certificate or professional land surveyor license or equivalent qualifying experience with a land surveyor-in-training certificate is required. • III. Safety • A. Care and use of cutting tools • B. Care and use of 4-wheel drive vehicles • C. Basic first aid and CPR • D. Weather conditions and wildlife • E. Environment (Urban and Rural)

16. Knowledge, Skills, and AbilitiesDEVELOPMENT LEVEL • Same as entry level but at higher level of expertise and complexity plus: • Ability to estimate the type/amount of surveying services required and monitor/evaluate technical quality • Ability to evaluate risks and alternatives to make sound decisions • Ability to field-manage survey crew(s) on one or several projects and train personnel on survey equipment/computers/software • Ability to provide more complex briefings/presentations to a variety of audiences

17. II. Inter/Intra-Personal Skills • A. Building Partnerships • B. Conflict Resolution • C. Customer Service • D. Effective Facilitation • E. Presentation Skills • F. Goal Setting • G. Time Management ESSENTIAL COMPETENCIES 3 • I. Technical • A. Advanced mathematics including plane and spherical geometry • B. Advanced surveying principles/ethics/standards, and procedures of rules of evidence • C. Extensive computer skills (computer mapping operation/processes; hand-held programmable calculators) • D. GPS technology and principles • E. Extensive knowledge of boundary and cadastral survey principles/procedures • F. Research techniques (office and field) • G. Contract Admin/AE/COTR • FULL PERFORMANCE LEVEL • Description: Performs professional and technical surveying work consisting of topographic, boundary, cadastral, photogrammetry, GPS, construction layout, design, and quantities surveys. • III. Safety • A. Care and use of cutting tools • B. Care and use of 4-wheel drive vehicles • C. Basic first aid and CPR • D. Weather conditions and wildlife E. Environment (Urban and Rural) • IV. Management • A. Cost control • B. Goal and priority setting • C. Planning/scheduling/monitoring work

18. Knowledge, Skills, and AbilitiesFULL PERFORMANCE LEVEL • Same as developmental level but at higher level of expertise and complexity, plus: • Extensive knowledge of land ownership laws, including LGA, State, and Federal laws • Ability to serve as A/E Manager and Contracting Officer's Technical Representative (COTR) • Expert, state-of-the-art computer skills • Expert state-of-the-art knowledge of surveying instruments and skills in operating same. Expert knowledge of GPS equipment/technology • Ability to represent NIS before other agencies/commissions; is recognized as an agency's expert/leader in discipline and/or multi-faceted programs

19. CONCLUSION • As a surveyor, you have vast opportunities. You can map the world’s terrain. Explore new oil sources. Investigate crime scenes. Take charge as a CEO. Appear in court as an expert witness. Run a business. Excel with computers and other high-tech equipment. • Professional surveyors measure and analyze angles and distances between property corner markers and to physical features on a piece of land. The land could be under water, on a mountain, or in a city. It could be at your home or in the middle of an industrial complex. • Surveyors can choose from a number of paths in this exciting field, specifically construction, boundary, hydrographic, geodesy, photogrammetry, GIS, and forensic surveying.

20. CONCLUSION • Surveyors validate and process data that other professionals—engineers, lawyers, architects—rely on. Analysis is important in order to verify the data before creating the map. It used to take days, weeks, and even months to create a single map. • Surveyors can choose from many specialties and get involved at many stages of a project. They are the first on the job. Sometimes they get involved while the project is being completed. When the job is done, they make sure that all the measurements are in line with original plans.

21. CONCLUSION Surveyors undergo rigorous, thorough, technical, and specialized training to be able to: • Work in a team with others • Solve mathematical problems quickly and accurately • Follow established rules and specifications to meet set limits, tolerances or standards • Use logical, step-by-step procedures • Compare and recognize differences in lines or figures Keep records neatly and accurately • Supervise the work of others • Manage and resolve conflicts • Build partnerships.

22. THANK YOU VERY MUCH