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New Imperialism

New Imperialism. http://www.atech.org/faculty/vyoung/21-Imperialism/index.html. In the final three, and especially the final two decades of the 19 th century the western powers: Europe, Russia and the U.S. gobbled up vast chunks of the world for themselves.

JasminFlorian
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New Imperialism

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  1. New Imperialism http://www.atech.org/faculty/vyoung/21-Imperialism/index.html

  2. In the final three, and especially the final two decades of the 19th century the western powers: Europe, Russia and the U.S. gobbled up vast chunks of the world for themselves. • By 1914 just about all of the previously uncolonized inhabited world has come under European political control. • This is generally called “New Imperialism”

  3. http://72.14.209.104/search?q=cache:7E8orb_1RUYJ:courses.dsu.edu/hist256/HIST%2520256%2520-%2520Chapters%25204-5.ppt+New+Imperialism+filetype:ppt&hl=en&gl=us&ct=clnk&cd=1http://72.14.209.104/search?q=cache:7E8orb_1RUYJ:courses.dsu.edu/hist256/HIST%2520256%2520-%2520Chapters%25204-5.ppt+New+Imperialism+filetype:ppt&hl=en&gl=us&ct=clnk&cd=1

  4. Motivations • Many Europeans came to believe that imperial expansion and colonial domination were crucial for the survival of their states and societies • Motivations can be grouped as economic, political, and cultural http://ocean.otr.usm.edu/~w416373/102/HIS102Lsn17Imperialism.ppt

  5. Moral and Religious Motivations • Moral and Religious: • David Livingstone, Christian missionary IRC. ""Dr. Livingstone, I presume."."unitedstreaming: http://www.unitedstreaming.com/

  6. David Livingstone • Went to Africa as a missionary but was a combination of missionary, doctor, explorer, scientist and anti-slavery activist. • Reached and named Victoria Falls in 1855. • In 1871 journalist Henry Stanley found him at Lake Tanganyika, greeting him with the famous words "Dr. Livingstone, I presume?" Link http://ocean.otr.usm.edu/~w416373/102/HIS102Lsn17Imperialism.ppt

  7. The White Man’s Burden Take up the White Man’s Burden— Send forth the best ye breed— Go bind your sons to exile To serve your captives’ need; To wait in heavy harness, On fluttered folk and wild— Your new-caught, sullen peoples, Half-devil and half-child. Rudyard Kipling http://ocean.otr.usm.edu/~w416373/102/HIS102Lsn17Imperialism.ppt

  8. Political Motives • Some overseas colonies occupied strategic sites on the world’s sea lanes • Others offered harbors or supply stations for commercial and naval ships • Foreign imperialist ventures were useful in defusing social tensions and inspiring patriotism at home, often between industrialists and socialists

  9. Economic Motives • Overseas colonies could serve as reliable sources of raw materials not available in Europe that came in demand because of industrialization • Rubber in the Congo River basin and Malaya • Tin in southeast Asia • Copper in central Africa • Oil in southwest Asia Rubber trees in Malaya http://ocean.otr.usm.edu/~w416373/102/HIS102Lsn17Imperialism.ppt

  10. Cecil Rhodes • Went to south Africa in 1871 and by 1889 he controlled 90% of the world’s diamond production • Also gained a healthy stake in the gold market • Served as prime minister of the British Cape Colony from 1890-1896 and saw the Cape Colony as a base of operations for the extension of British control to all of Africa http://ocean.otr.usm.edu/~w416373/102/HIS102Lsn17Imperialism.ppt

  11. IRC. "A German view of British imperialism in 1915..“ unitedstreaming: http://www.unitedstreaming.com/

  12. The Ability to Conquer Easily Tools of Empire:

  13. Technologies that made Imperialism Possible • Transportation • Military • Communications Cartoon showing China being divided by the United Kingdom, Germany, Russia, France, and Japan http://ocean.otr.usm.edu/~w416373/102/HIS102Lsn17Imperialism.ppt

  14. Transportation Technologies The Nemesis — Great Britain's Secret Weapon in the Opium Wars, 1839-60 • Steamships allowed imperial powers to travel upriver much further than sailboats so imperialists could project power deep into the interior regions of foreign lands http://www.victorianweb.org/history/empire/opiumwars/nemesis.html http://website.lineone.net/~d.bolton/Misc/nemesis.htmA http://ocean.otr.usm.edu/~w416373/102/HIS102Lsn17Imperialism.ppt

  15. Transportation Technologies • The construction of new canals enhanced the effectiveness of steamships and the building of empires by enabling naval vessels to travel rapidly between the world’s seas and oceans • They lowered the costs of trade between imperial powers and subject lands http://ocean.otr.usm.edu/~w416373/102/HIS102Lsn17Imperialism.ppt

  16. Military Technologies • Breech-loading firearms with rifled bores provided European armies with an arsenal vastly stronger than any other in the world • European armies could impose colonial rule almost at will British soldiers show a Maxim gun to an elderly Zulu chief in 1901 http://ocean.otr.usm.edu/~w416373/102/HIS102Lsn17Imperialism.ppt

  17. Communications Technologies • Oceangoing steamships reduced the time required for imperial capitals to deliver messages to colonial lands • In the 1850s engineers began developing submarine telegraph cables to carry messages through oceans • By 1902, cables linked all parts of the British Empire throughout the world Insignia of the British Indian Submarine Telegraph Company http://ocean.otr.usm.edu/~w416373/102/HIS102Lsn17Imperialism.ppt

  18. Medical TechnologyQuinine • Although there was a strong desire to enter Africa, few attempted this nearly suicidal. One of the main obstacles to European penetration of large parts of Africa was malaria. Africans had lived with mosquitoes spreading Malaria for generations, many had some sort of resistance or capacity to fight a malaria attack. This was not the case with Europeans who died in great numbers. The coast of Sierra Leone was known as the White Man's Grave because of this.Once Europeans could protect themselves from malaria with quinine, which they began to use in the 1850's, they became increasingly less reliant on Africans helping them achieve their objectives. ture because it almost certainly meant death from malaria or yellow fever. When it was discovered-by trial and error, rather than by scientific experiment-that prevention of malaria came from quinine prophylaxis, explorers and soldiers began to conquer the continent. http://cook-books.timemhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/11generic1.shtmlanagementbooks.com/isbn0195028325.html

  19. In 1824 half the 600 soldiers garrisoned in theGold Coastdied within a few months, and the House of Commons was told in 1826, that of 1,567 troops sent out in the previous two years, 905 had died. http://homepage.ntlworld.com/haywardlad/whitemansgrave.html

  20. Quinine’s efficacy was not appreciated until 1854, when William Blaikie led a party well dosed with it on a 900 mile journey through the interior. Not a single European died. It was an important event. The great Niger River was now open to trade. After clinging to the coast of West Africa for centuries, the British at last began moving inland. Quinine was not the end of sickness or death for Britishers in the area; it simply improved the chances for survival enough to make the gamble worth while.

  21. Episodes of New Imperialism

  22. Treaty of Nanjing signing aboard Cornwallis. • The signing of the Treaty of Nanjing aboard the Cornwallis on August 29, l842, ending the Opium War. The treaty provided for an indemnity of 21 million Mexican dollars; abolished the Cohong (gonghang) monopoly on trade and opened four new ports for trade; fixed import and export taxes; and surrendered Hong Kong to Britain in perpetuity. Ironically, the treaty did not even mention opium, the immediate cause of the war. • The Opium War, especially in the view of Chinese historians, marked the beginning of the modern historical period for China, in which foreign imperialism and capitalism plunged the "semifeudal" Chinese state and society into a prolonged period of "semicolonialism." The industrializing West, with its organizational skills and military power, had irreparably shattered the old Chinese order of tribute relations, but a unified and coherent Chinese response to this challenge would take many decades to shape.

  23. Suez Canal • Between 1859 and 1869, the British constructed the Suez Canal which links Port Said on the Mediterranean Sea and Suez on the Red Sea • Allows two-way north-south water transport from Europe to Asia without circumnavigating Africa • In 1882 the British army occupied Egypt to ensure the safety of the canal which was crucial to British communications with India 1869 opening of the Suez Canal at Port Said http://ocean.otr.usm.edu/~w416373/102/HIS102Lsn17Imperialism.ppt

  24. Africa: the Congo • In the 1870s King Leopold II of Belgium employed Henry Stanley to help develop commercial ventures and establish a colony called Congo Free State in the basin of the Congo River • Leopold said the Congo Free State would be a free-trade zone open to all European merchants in order to forestall competition from his more powerful European neighbors Leopold II

  25. Africa: the Congo • In reality, Leopold ran the Congo Free State as a personal colony and filled it with lucrative rubber plantations run under brutal conditions • Humanitarians protested Leopold’s colonial regime • In 1908 the Belgium government took control of the colony and it became known as Belgian Congo Clearing tropical forests ate away at Leopold’s profit margins so Congolese farming villages such as this one were leveled to make way for rubber tree plantations http://ocean.otr.usm.edu/~w416373/102/HIS102Lsn17Imperialism.ppt

  26. Leopold IIKing of Belgium IRC. "Leopold II reigned in Belgium 1865-1909.."unitedstreaming: http://www.unitedstreaming.com/

  27. Africa: Berlin Conference • Tensions among the European powers seeking African colonies led to the Berlin West Africa Conference (1884-1885), during which delegates from 14 European states and the US (no Africans were present) devised the rules for the colonization of Africa • The conference produced an agreement that any European state could establish African colonies after notifying the others of its intentions and occupying previously unclaimed territory http://ocean.otr.usm.edu/~w416373/102/HIS102Lsn17Imperialism.ppt

  28. Africa: Berlin Conference • The Berlin Conference gave European diplomats the justification they needed to draw lines on maps and carve Africa into colonies • By the turn of the century, all of Africa was divided into European colonies except for Ethiopia, where native forces had fought off Italian efforts at colonization, and Liberia, a small republic populated by freed slaves that was effectively a dependency of the US http://ocean.otr.usm.edu/~w416373/102/HIS102Lsn17Imperialism.ppt

  29. The Fashoda Crisis

  30. Toward the end of the 19th cent., while Britain was seeking to establish a continuous strip of territory from Cape Town to Cairo, France desired to establish an overland route from the Red Sea to the Atlantic Ocean. To make good their claim the French dispatched (May 1, 1897) Major J. B. Marchand with a small force from Brazzaville, in the face of a British warning. After crossing over 2,000 mi (3,200 km) of almost unexplored wilderness, Marchand reached (July 10, 1898) the village of Fashoda (now Kodok ) on the Nile in the S Sudan. • Meanwhile, Lord Kitchener's Anglo-Egyptian army had defeated (Sept. 2) the Mahdists in the N Sudan. When he heard of the French activities, Kitchener led forces upriver to Fashoda and, despite Marchand's presence, claimed (Sept. 19) the town for Egypt. The French government resisted for a time, but, fearing war, ordered its mission to withdraw on Nov. 3. In Mar., 1899, France yielded its claim to the upper Nile region and accepted part of the Sahara as compensation. http://www.encyclopedia.com/html/F/FashodaI1.asp

  31. http://ocean.otr.usm.edu/~w416373/102/HIS102Lsn17Imperialism.ppthttp://ocean.otr.usm.edu/~w416373/102/HIS102Lsn17Imperialism.ppt

  32. Later Problems • The invention of rigid tribal categories and the establishment of artificial tribal boundaries became one of the greatest obstacles to nation building and regional stability in much of Africa during the second half of the 20th Century • The arbitrary boundaries of the Berlin Conference did not take into consideration the natural divisions of the African people (religion, culture, language, ethnicity, etc) http://ocean.otr.usm.edu/~w416373/102/HIS102Lsn17Imperialism.ppt

  33. THE ASHANTI WAR • In 1873, for the sixth time in 70 years, British troops set out to quell the aggressive, expansionist Ashanti of the Gold Coast. In 1824, the Ashanti destroyed a British force under Sir Charles Macarthy, and took his skull back to their capital Kumasi - as a royal drinking cup - a humiliation the British had not avenged. When the Dutch sold Britain, Elmina Castle, long coveted by the Ashanti as a slave emporium, war flared again. Early in 1873, Sir Garnet Wolseley, a specialist in colonial war, was dispatched to crush the Ashanti. His task was to achieve victory within two months, before the March rains made the fever-ridden forests almost impassable. http://homepage.ntlworld.com/haywardlad/whitemansgrave.html

  34. JUNGLE VICTORY. • Heavily dosed with quinine, Wolseley’s force, reinforced with a naval contingent, marched north through the jungle. Some 70 miles up country was the welcome forward base of Prasu, where troops could briefly rest. Then after crossing the Pra River, the advance on Kumasi continued. Spies had reported to Wolesely that the enemy would stand and fight in dense bush at Amoafu 20 miles south of the capital and there his 2,200 man force found the Ashanti army on January 31. The battle was soon over. The reckless bravery and antiquated muskets of the Africans were no match for the disciplined fire power of Wolesely’s British square. Hundreds of Ashanti fell, including three of their greatest chiefs. The survivors turned and fled.

  35. The Mahdi Muhammad Ahmad ibn Abd Allah, the Mahdi of the Sudan (1843-1885). Egyptian imperialism in the Nile Sudan under Khedive Isma'il contributed to the success of the Mahdi in founding a reformed Muslim state and sweeping the Egyptians and their European mentors out of the Sudan. A Muslim mystic, Muhammad Ahmad proclaimed his divine mission to purify Islam in 1881, assuming the role of "mahdi" or messianic deliverer. In 1885 he captured Khartoum.

  36. This was the Mahdi whose fighters had beheaded British General “Chinese” Gordon in 1885. The Mahdi's died of natural causes in 1885 and his followers, under his successor Khalifa Abdullahi, established their capital at Omdurman. http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/empire/episodes/episode_68.shtml

  37. The Battle of Omdurman 1898 • Field Marshal Horatio Kitchener • In 1898 Kitchener's forces, the Anglo-Egyptian Nile Expeditionary Force, consisted of 25,800 men, including 8,600 British regulars, armed with Howitzers, Maxim machine guns, and a flotilla of gunboats. • On 2 September 1898, the Battle of Omdurman opened with a frontal assault by the Mahdiyya's 52,000-man army. Over the next five hours, some 11,000 Mahdiyya forces would be killed against about 40 of the Anglo-Egyptian forces (and about 400 wounded). The Mahdiyya ended at this point and the British once again took control of the Sudan. • The Khalifa escaped and reformed an army, but this was defeated in 1899 at the Battle of Umm Diwaykarat and the Khalifa was killed.

  38. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:21lancers.JPG

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