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NEW IMPERIALISM

NEW IMPERIALISM. “ WHITE MAN’S BURDEN” Rudyard Kipling “HIGHEST STAGE OF CAPITALISM” V.I. Lenin RENEWED PUSH FOR COLONIAL EXPANSION BY THE MAJOR WESTERN POWERS BETWEEN 1870 AND 1914. Friedrich Ratzel , 1844-1904. BIO Born 1844, Germany

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NEW IMPERIALISM

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  1. NEW IMPERIALISM • “WHITE MAN’S BURDEN” • Rudyard Kipling • “HIGHEST STAGE OF CAPITALISM” • V.I. Lenin • RENEWED PUSH FOR COLONIAL EXPANSION BY THE MAJOR WESTERN POWERS BETWEEN 1870 AND 1914

  2. Friedrich Ratzel, 1844-1904 • BIO • Born 1844, Germany • Geographer by way of zoology/biology based on travels, esp. in post-Civil War America • Geography professor & prolific writer • “Aversion to people in big groups” (Wanklyn) • SIGNIFICANCE TO GEOGRAPHY • Human Geography: Anthropogeographie, 1882 • Political Geography: Politische Geographie, 1897 “Lebenstraum” (“living space”) • Ideas taken and transformed by others (including Hitler) into social darwinism, determinism Sources: Hildebrand, D. & Janke, J. (1996). Friedrich Ratzel, German Geographer. http://wwwstage.valpo.edu/geomet/histphil/test/ratzel.html Wanklyn, H. (1961). Friedrich Ratzel, a Biographical Memoir and Bibliography. Cambridge: University Press.

  3. The German School • Friedrich Ratzel (1844-1904) AN ORGANIC STATE • “The state resembles a biological organism whose life cycle extends from birth through maturity and, ultimately, decline and death. To prolong its existence, the state requires nourishment, just as an organism needs food. Such nourishment is provided by the acquisition of territories belonging to less powerful competitors” -lebensraum. (deBlij 245) • An extreme form of environmental determinism • Justified Nazi expansion

  4. GeoPolitiks • Karl Haushofer (1869-1946) Germ. • Ideas used by Nazi party for Germany’s theories of race superiority and need for territorial conquest. Promoting • A land & sea power • Lebensraum (living space) • Autarky (economic self-sufficiency) • Organic state • His student was Rudolf Hess

  5. Heartland Theory • Halford Mackinder, Jr.(1861-1947) English geographer • Believed the greatest powers would control the land, not the seas • The greatest land would be in Eurasia, “the world island” b/c contains largest landmass and population aka the heartland or the “pivot area”

  6. Heartland Theory • Mackinder warned that “Who rules East Europe commands the Heartland, who rules the Heartland commands the World-Island, who rules the World-Island commands the World.” Fellmann 437

  7. PROBLEM • IMPERIALISM WAS NOTHING NEW • HOWEVER, THE DRIVE TO ACQUIRE COLONIES DROPPED OFF IN LATE 18TH/EARLY 19TH CENTURIES due to experience of Great Britain and Spain • AFTER 1870, AN EXPLOSION OF COLONIAL ACQUISITION TOOK PLACE major powers grab every piece of available territory in Asia, Africa, and Middle East WHY?

  8. REASONS I • ECONOMIC • New and complex demands created by the spread of the Industrial Revolution • Need for exotic raw materials • Need for markets • Colonial takeover followed as the best means to protect sources of raw materials and markets

  9. SOUTH PACIFIC

  10. REASONS II • STRATEGIC • Need for bases and coaling stations • South Pacific islands • Need to protect more valuable colonies • Chad • Egypt • HUMANITARIAN • Pressure to protect missionaries sometimes led to the takeover of foreign territory U.S. Coaling Station at Pago-Pago Suez Canal

  11. REASONS III • RACISM • 19th century science taught that Caucasian Europeans were intellectually and biologically superior to everyone else • Led them to believe that Europeans had a right and duty to take over foreign people because they needed raw materials, markets and naval bases • Believed they were bringing the benefits of their superior civilization to their not-so-fortunate “inferiors”

  12. ADVANTAGES • HIGH DEGREE OF SELF-CONFIDENCE AND HIGH MORALE • HIGHLY CENTRALIZED AND EFFICIENT GOVERNMENTS • HUGE ADVANTAGE IN TERMS OF MILITARY TECHNOLOGY

  13. TYPES OF COLONIAL CONTROL • CLASSIC COLONY • Mother country controls everything • Administrators and troops stationed in colony • PROTECTORATE • Native ruler obliged to follow instructions of European advisor • Native ruler allowed a free hand in everything that did not directly concern mother country • SPHERE OF INFLUENCE • Occurred only in China • Colonial powers only take a specified portion of country • Customs service, cities, right to mine coal • Expense minimal, profit potentialimmense BRITISH VICEROY’S PALACE IN NEW DELHI

  14. SHORT-TERM RAMIFICATIONS • ALMOST EVERY MAJOR EUROPEAN STATE (AND SEVERAL NON-EUROPEAN ONES) BECAME CAUGHT UP IN THE NEW IMPERIALISM • Great Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Belgium, the Netherlands, Russia, Japan, and the United States • Potential colonial territory decreased as more players entered the game • Resulted in increased friction among the Great Powers and almost erupted in war on several occasions • Fashoda Crisis (France vs Great Britain in the Sudan) • Morocco Crises of 1904 and 1907 (Germany vs France) • OVERALL, THE COMPETITION FOR COLONIES CONTRIBUTED TO AN OVERALL DETERIORATION IN RELATIONS AMONG EUROPEAN NATIONS AND THUS PLAYED AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN CAUSING THE OUTBREAK OF WORLD WAR ONE

  15. LONG-TERM RAMIFICATIONS • REVOLTS AGAINST COLONIAL RULE WERE FREQUENT • Boxer Rebellion (China 1900) • Sepoy Mutiny (India) • Zulu Wars (South Africa) • Huk Uprising (Philippines) • Mahdist Revolt (Sudan) • ALL FAILED BUT LEFT A LEGACY OF FRUSTRATION, BITTERNESS, AND HATRED THAT STILL STRAINS RELATIONS BETWEEN THE THIRD WORLD AND THE WEST TODAY

  16. LATIN AMERICA • MOST OF REGION WERE SPANISH COLONIES BEFORE 1800 • SPANISH ADMINSTRATION AND SOCIETY • Peninsulars • Creoles • Indians • Mestizos • SPANISH SYSTEM BASED ON EXPLOITATION OF INDIANS, MESTIZOS AND SLAVES

  17. INDEPENDENCE SIMON BOLIVAR FATHER MIGUEL HILDALGO Y CASTILLA TOUSSAINT L’OUVERTURE JOSE DE SAN MARTIN

  18. CAUDILLOS • LOCAL STRONGMEN IN COUNTRYSIDE WHO ACTED LIKE FEUDAL LORDS IN THEIR LOCALITIES • FORMED PRIVATE ARMIES AND SEIZED NATIONAL POWER • Jose Paez (Venezuela) • Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna (Mexico) • OFTEN BRUTAL BUT POPULAR WITH RURAL POOR • Often from same backgrounds • Offered patronage on the village level

  19. DIAZ AND MEXICO • ELECTED PRESIDENT IN 1876 • DESTROYED DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTIONS AND CREATED MILITARY DICTATORSHIP • CREATED STABLE ENVIRONMENT FOR U.S. AND BRITISH INVESTMENT • Improved infrastructure • Benefited only small elite of cronies • Majority of people remained poor • DID NOT RELY ON POOR FOR SUPPORT – DEPENDED ON ARMY AND FOREIGN BUSINESSMEN

  20. SUMMARY • UNOFFICIAL IMPERIALISM • American economic growth benefited tremendously from harsh and repressive political conditions in Latin America • American interests worked hard to perpetuate these conditions • Result was alliance between American capitalism and Latin American dictatorships

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