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NEW IMPERIALISM

NEW IMPERIALISM. “ WHITE MAN’S BURDEN” Rudyard Kipling “HIGHEST STAGE OF CAPITALISM” V.I. Lenin RENEWED PUSH FOR COLONIAL EXPANSION BY THE MAJOR WESTERN POWERS BETWEEN 1870 AND 1914. PROBLEM. IMPERIALISM WAS NOTHING NEW

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NEW IMPERIALISM

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  1. NEW IMPERIALISM • “WHITE MAN’S BURDEN” • Rudyard Kipling • “HIGHEST STAGE OF CAPITALISM” • V.I. Lenin • RENEWED PUSH FOR COLONIAL EXPANSION BY THE MAJOR WESTERN POWERS BETWEEN 1870 AND 1914

  2. PROBLEM • IMPERIALISM WAS NOTHING NEW • HOWEVER, THE DRIVE TO ACQUIRE COLONIES DROPPED OFF IN LATE 18TH/EARLY 19TH CENTURIES due to experience of Great Britain and Spain • AFTER 1870, AN EXPLOSION OF COLONIAL ACQUISITION TOOK PLACE major powers grab every piece of available territory in Asia, Africa, and Middle East WHY?

  3. REASONS I • ECONOMIC • New and complex demands created by the spread of the Industrial Revolution • Need for exotic raw materials • Need for markets • Colonial takeover followed as the best means to protect sources of raw materials and markets

  4. SOUTH PACIFIC

  5. REASONS II • STRATEGIC • Need for bases and coaling stations • South Pacific islands • Need to protect more valuable colonies • Chad • Egypt • HUMANITARIAN • Pressure to protect missionaries sometimes led to the takeover of foreign territory U.S. Coaling Station at Pago-Pago Suez Canal

  6. REASONS III • RACISM • 19th century science taught that Caucasian Europeans were intellectually and biologically superior to everyone else • Led them to believe that Europeans had a right and duty to take over foreign people because they needed raw materials, markets and naval bases • Believed they were bringing the benefits of their superior civilization to their not-so-fortunate “inferiors”

  7. ADVANTAGES • HIGH DEGREE OF SELF-CONFIDENCE AND HIGH MORALE • HIGHLY CENTRALIZED AND EFFICIENT GOVERNMENTS • HUGE ADVANTAGE IN TERMS OF MILITARY TECHNOLOGY

  8. TYPES OF COLONIAL CONTROL • CLASSIC COLONY • Mother country controls everything • Administrators and troops stationed in colony • PROTECTORATE • Native ruler obliged to follow instructions of European advisor • Native ruler allowed a free hand in everything that did not directly concern mother country • SPHERE OF INFLUENCE • Occurred only in China • Colonial powers only take a specified portion of country • Customs service, cities, right to mine coal • Expense minimal, profit potentialimmense BRITISH VICEROY’S PALACE IN NEW DELHI

  9. SHORT-TERM RAMIFICATIONS • ALMOST EVERY MAJOR EUROPEAN STATE (AND SEVERAL NON-EUROPEAN ONES) BECAME CAUGHT UP IN THE NEW IMPERIALISM • Great Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Belgium, the Netherlands, Russia, Japan, and the United States • Potential colonial territory decreased as more players entered the game • Resulted in increased friction among the Great Powers and almost erupted in war on several occasions • Fashoda Crisis (France vs Great Britain in the Sudan) • Morocco Crises of 1904 and 1907 (Germany vs France) • OVERALL, THE COMPETITION FOR COLONIES CONTRIBUTED TO AN OVERALL DETERIORATION IN RELATIONS AMONG EUROPEAN NATIONS AND THUS PLAYED AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN CAUSING THE OUTBREAK OF WORLD WAR ONE

  10. LONG-TERM RAMIFICATIONS • REVOLTS AGAINST COLONIAL RULE WERE FREQUENT • Boxer Rebellion (China 1900) • Sepoy Mutiny (India) • Zulu Wars (South Africa) • Huk Uprising (Philippines) • Mahdist Revolt (Sudan) • ALL FAILED BUT LEFT A LEGACY OF FRUSTRATION, BITTERNESS, AND HATRED THAT STILL STRAINS RELATIONS BETWEEN THE THIRD WORLD AND THE WEST TODAY

  11. LATIN AMERICA • MOST OF REGION WERE SPANISH COLONIES BEFORE 1800 • SPANISH ADMINSTRATION AND SOCIETY • Peninsulars • Creoles • Indians • Mestizos • SPANISH SYSTEM BASED ON EXPLOITATION OF INDIANS, MESTIZOS AND SLAVES

  12. INDEPENDENCE SIMON BOLIVAR FATHER MIGUEL HILDALGO Y CASTILLA TOUSSAINT L’OUVERTURE JOSE DE SAN MARTIN

  13. CAUDILLOS • LOCAL STRONGMEN IN COUNTRYSIDE WHO ACTED LIKE FEUDAL LORDS IN THEIR LOCALITIES • FORMED PRIVATE ARMIES AND SEIZED NATIONAL POWER • Jose Paez (Venezuela) • Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna (Mexico) • OFTEN BRUTAL BUT POPULAR WITH RURAL POOR • Often from same backgrounds • Offered patronage on the village level

  14. DIAZ AND MEXICO • ELECTED PRESIDENT IN 1876 • DESTROYED DEMOCRATIC INSTITUTIONS AND CREATED MILITARY DICTATORSHIP • CREATED STABLE ENVIRONMENT FOR U.S. AND BRITISH INVESTMENT • Improved infrastructure • Benefited only small elite of cronies • Majority of people remained poor • DID NOT RELY ON POOR FOR SUPPORT – DEPENDED ON ARMY AND FOREIGN BUSINESSMEN

  15. SUMMARY • UNOFFICIAL IMPERIALISM • American economic growth benefited tremendously from harsh and repressive political conditions in Latin America • American interests worked hard to perpetuate these conditions • Result was alliance between American capitalism and Latin American dictatorships

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