Nationalism & Imperialism

1. Nationalism&Imperialism

2. Agree or Disagree? • _____ The goals and ideals of different political groups often make a move toward unification difficult. • _____ Threats from outside forces are not usually a factor in the unification of a country. • _____ A shared history and common traditions may lead to a desire for the establishment of a unified nation.

3. The Italian Peninsula, 1815

4. 1848: Year of Revolutions Causes: • Poor harvests • Food shortages • Economic depression • Unemployment • Desire of people for increased political power and civil liberties • Nationalism and political liberalism At the barricades

5. Risorgimento • Italian for “resurgence” • Period of cultural nationalism and political unification • Peasants struggled against landowners • Middle class sought expanded rights and opportunities • Secret societies and growing literary traditions advanced love and loyalty for Italy and a commitment to Italian unity and independence

6. Giuseppe Mazzini • 1805–1872 • Imprisoned 1830–1831, then exiled • Founder of “Young Italy” • Almost all of his revolutionary efforts against foreign rulers would fail • But emerged as the leading spokesman for Italian patriotism

7. Mazzini on Italy “O, my brothers, love your Country! . . . Country is not only a mere zone of territory. The true country is the idea to which it gives birth; it is the thought of love, the sense of communion which unites in one all the sons of that territory . . . And so long as you are ready to die for humanity, the life of your country will be immortal.”

8. Summary of Italian Unification • Passion for a free and united Italy initiated by charismatic nationalists • Unification realized by aggressive leaders • Political manipulation contributed significantly • Foreign powers overthrown • Spirit of nationalism began to unite Italians despite cultural, social, and regional differences Italian stamp commemorating Mazzini

9. The German Confederation *The red outline indicates the German confederation.

10. 1848 in the German Confederation • Middle class sought constitutional government, property rights, security, and prosperity • Artisans struggled against industrialists and capitalists, sought to protect guild system • Workers demanded suffrage and socialist reforms • Peasants sought security in land ownership German peasant workers

11. German Unification • Expanding industrial economy altered economic and political climate in Prussia • Otto von Bismarck, architect of German unification • Bismarck motivated to consolidate and expand German power • Bismarck not motivated by sentimental aspects of nationalism • German cultural nationalism would emerge in concert with German unification Germany, 1866–1871

12. Otto von Bismarck • 1815–1898 • 1847: elected to the Prussian Landtag • 1851–59: Prussian minister to Frankfurt Parliament • 1859–1862: Ambassador to St. Petersburg • 1862: Ambassador to Paris • 1862: Minister-President of Prussia “Blood and iron” Policies

13. Zollverein (Customs Union) • Established 1834, in Prussia • Customs barriers eliminated • Later expanded across multiple German states • Expansion of industry and commerce followed • Germany’s middle class strengthened German railroads

14. Postage stamp commemorating the coronation of Kaiser Wilhelm I “One Kingdom, One People, One God”

15. Realpolitik (politics of reality) “. . . our task was the establishment or foundation of German national unity under the leadership of the king of Prussia.” —from Bismarck’s memoirs Bismarck

16. Eugene Delacroix, Liberty Leading the People

17. German Unification Overview • 5 Great Powers of Europe • Wars of the mid-1800s greatly strengthened one of the Great Powers (Prussia became Germany) • Balance of power had broken down

18. Russia 1800-1905 Russia covers 10,000 miles across Europe and Asia Territorial gains included Siberia 1600 (Ivan the Terrible), Black Seas and Caspian Seas (1775), and the Sakhalin Islands 1860s Trans- Siberian Railroad completed in1900

19. CommemoratesRussia’s victory over Napoleon Expresses love of the motherland (Russia) and its people [Nationalism] Introduction- simple violin melody of a Russian hymn. Development- expansion of melody and development of tensions (war) with additional instruments- cellos, trumpets, drums Climax- Church bells, Cannons, bring the piece to a close to celebrate the victory Russian CulturePeter Tchaikovsky “1812 Overture”

20. Alexander I- “one church, one government, one language” (1801-1825) Nicholas I- (1825-1855) Alexander II (1855-1881) Suppressed opposition to rule, limited freedom of speech Suppressed revolts, started a secret police Freed the serfs, started the Duma (Russian Congress) Reform and Reaction

21. Industrialism continues in Russia with iron and steel industries Strengthens military Trans-Siberian Railroad completed in 1900. Political (people want democracy) and economic (no land reform, poor working conditions) problems Nicholas II 1894-1917

22. 1905 Revolution • Tsar Nicholas II crushes peaceful protest • After 1905 Revolution, Tsar promises economic and political reform, but does not see them as priorities.

23. Imperialism

24. Imperialism • the policy of extending a nation's economic, political, and/or social control over a weaker nation; the policy of extending territory or establishing dominance over another nation.

25. Agree or Disagree? • _____ An industrialized country can easily control a country that is not industrialized. • _____ Imperialists should expand into locations that benefit their need to transport goods and raw materials. • _____ Imperialists should expand into areas that have natural resources they can use.

26. Types of Imperialism • Colony - direct control by the mother country • Protectorate - Native ruler remains in place, but with foreign power's advisers • Sphere of Influence - Foreign power has exclusive rights to development • Concession - Foreign power has right to develop one specific aspect of the economy • Lease - Foreign power rents an area from a less developed country

27. Cause #1 1. Economic • Need for raw materials (coal, cotton...) and markets • Trade • Source of cheap labor • Invest excess capital at a high rate of return • Make loans to colonies for building railways, steamship lines...

28. Cause #2 2. Political • Acquire territory • Obtain bases and outposts for military • Establish a government; belief colonies were unfit to self-govern • Desire for great power status (colonies meant power and prestige) • Ambitions of power, glory, and national greatness • Demonstrate the power of their military and strength of their weapons

29. Cause #3 ETHNOCENTRISM 3. Social • Spread Christianity to the colonies ("White Man's Burden") • Belief of superiority • Evolution/"survival of the fittest" (Social Darwinism) • Duty to spread their race, beliefs, and Western culture • Educate the colonies

30. Colonial Empires around the World

31. Imperialism Around the World

35. Imperialism in Africa

36. Imperialism in Africa Main Ideas: • Ignored the claims of African ethnic groups, kingdoms, and city-states • Europeans established colonial claims Why it matters today: • African nations continue to feel the effects of the colonial presence of 100 years ago.

37. How did it happen? • Explorers, missionaries, and reporters go in to Africa • Some make claims on the land • Greed, nationalism, racism, and philanthropy motivate European colonialism. • Superior arms, the steam engine, medicines, and African rivalries help Europeans dominate Africa • Berlin Conference divides land among European nations • Divisions ignore ethnic and linguistic groupings • Europeans take advantage of the natural resources • Africans treated cruelly, exploited, and subject to unfair battles

38. Did they ever resist? • Of course! • However, there was a lack of organization and weapons • Ethiopia was successful • played Europeans against one another • meanwhile stockpiled weapons • eventually declared war on the Italians & won

39. Positive reduced local warfare humanitarian efforts improved sanitation hospitals schools increased lifespan & literacy rate economic expansion brought markets, railroads, dams, & phone lines Negative lost control of land & freedom new diseases famines breakdown of traditional culture men forced to leave villages to work in mines or govt. projects boundary issues Impact on Africa

40. Imperialism in Africa • Which European countries colonized Africa? • Why would Madagascar be colonized before Uganda? • Which country was not colonized by a European nation? Why Not?

42. Imperialism in China

43. Big Problems in Little China • Little interest in trade with the west • British have unfavorable balance of trade • Solution: smuggle in opium • Result: 12 million addicted Chinese • Aftermath: War breaks out when British refuse to stop trading the drug

44. Opium Wars • British merchants: • earned huge profits by smuggling opium • brought it from Turkey and India 1839 • Chinese troops tried to stop smuggling and started war 1842 • British won the Opium War • Signed first of many treaties with China

45. Opium Smokers

46. Treaty of Nanjing • Gave Hong Kong to Britain • opened four other ports to British trade • Criminal cases involving British citizens would be decided back home The signature page of the Treaty of Nanjing, which ended the Opium War between Britain and China.

47. What do you think??? • Pretend you are a Chinese citizen. How would the Treaty of Nanjing make you feel? Explain.

48. Problems Increase • Treaties are disgraceful • poverty & political corruption create problems for China • 14 year Taiping Rebellion expressed the discontent of the Chinese people as peasants revolted against the leaders • Govt resists modernization • Spheres of influence (West & Japan) • Open Door Policy with the U.S. (allows trade, but protects from colonization) • Boxer Rebellion- expressed discontent of foreign rule • unsuccessful but brought nationalism • govt began to reform

49. Taiping Rebellion • Opium War hurts the Qing Dynasty • Rebellion: • Taiping rebels versus the Qing Dynasty • Qing got help from European countries • wanted the dynasty to win so the treaties could remain in effect. • Qing Dynasty stayed in power

50. Imperialism • Imperialist nations had won their struggle for power in China • Great Britain, France, Germany, Russia, Japan • all take large sections of China as Spheres of Influence • What did that mean? • had exclusive trading rights