Nationalism-Imperialism

1. Nationalism-Imperialism

2. Metternich Restores Stability • Congress of Vienna (1814-1815) • Participants: • King Frederick William III of Prussia, Czar Alexander I of Russia, Emperor Francis I of Austria, Prime ministers from France and Britain, and Prince Klemens von Metternich of Austria • 3 goals of Metternich • 1) prevent future French aggression (contain France) • 2) restore balance of power • Didn’t want to do too much to France for fear they’d retaliate • Returned to its boundaries from 1790 • 3) restore Europe’s ruling families that had been displaced by Napoleon • Legitimacy • Ex: Louis XVIII back on the throne

3. Concert of Europe • A system of alliances to bound the nations of Europe together • Devised by Metternich to ward off revolutionary ideas set in motion by the French Rev. • “Liberty, equality, and fraternity” • Democracy/constitutional monarchies • The Holy Alliance • Russia, Austria, and Prussia join forces to fight against any future revolutions

4. Philosophers of Industrialization • Laissez-faire economics • Businesses have little interference from the government • Enlightenment idea • Adam Smith • The Wealth of Nations, 1776 • Laissez-faire economics led to progress

5. Capitalism • Economic system in which money is invested with the goal of making a profit • Thomas Malthus • An Essay on the Principle of Population, 1798 • Population increased faster than food supply • Would lead to poverty • David Ricardo • Principles of Political Economy and Taxation, 1817 • Permanent, poor “underclass”

6. Utilitarianism • Jeremy Bentham • Judge things based on their utility, or usefulness • “the greatest good for the greatest number of people”

7. Socialism • Factors of production are owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all • Government should own key industries • Karl Marx and Frederick Engels • Communist Manifesto, 1848 • Eventually the working class (proletariat) would revolt against the middle class (bourgeoisie) • Believed Capitalism would destroy itself

8. Life in the Emerging Urban Society • New Ideas in Medicine and Science • Germ theory of disease • Developed by Louis Pasteur in the mid 1800s • First to call microscopic disease-causing organisms bacteria • Led to pasteurization • Darwin’s theory of evolution • 1859 The Origins of Species by Means of Natural Selection • Challenged the traditional view that God created everything on earth • Idea of natural selection: populations grow faster than the food supply so people must compete for food • The members that survive are the “fittest” • Came to be known as the theory of evolution

9. Advances in chemistry and physics • John Dalton • Discovered all matter is made up of atoms (1803) • Dmitri Mendeleev • Developed the Periodic Table (1869) • Marie and Pierre Curie • Discovered radioactivity (1898) and the elements radium and polonium • Won the Nobel Prize in 1903 and Marie won in 1911

10. Development of Realism • In literature and the visual arts • Showed life as it is not as it should be • Differed from Romanticism • Reflected the importance of the working class • Artists/authors observed and reported as precisely and objectively as possible • 1850s • New invention, the camera, also recorded objective and precise images

11. Romanticism: • 19th century • Idealized nature • Emphasized harmony between humans and nature • Realism: • Reaction to romanticism • Portray things as they really were • Records events, does not give a glorified view • Impressionism: • Aimed at capturing their immediate “impression” of a brief moment • Bright colors used, loose brushwork • Monet, Renoir, Degas

12. Romanticism Realism Impressionism

13. Social Structure • Wealth distributed unevenly • 20% of the population was middle class or wealthy • Middle class • Mostly successful industrialists, bankers, merchants; began to merge with the aristocracy • shared a common lifestyle and culture • Working classes • Skilled workers very different lives from the semiskilled and unskilled • Domestic servants = large portion of the population • Leisure included: • Drinking, watching sports (racing and soccer), attending music performances • Working-class church attendance declined in the 19th century

14. The Changing Family • Premarital sex and marriage • economic considerations contributed to choosing marriage partners • Increasing economic well-being allowed members of the working class to select marriage partners based more on romance • Gender roles • Division of labor became defined by gender • Women gained control over household finances and the education of children • Child Rearing • Attitudes toward children changed • Emotional ties between mothers and infants deepened

15. The Age of Nationalism1850-1914 • By the 1830s, the return to the old order was breaking down • Liberals and nationalists throughout Europe were openly revolting against conservative gov’t • Liberal middle class led the struggle for constitutional governments and the formation of nation-states • Multiple revolutions • Brussels, Italy, Austria, Poland, Budapest, Prague, the German States, France

16. France Accepts a Strong Ruler • December 1848, Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte (nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte) won the presidential election • 1852: took the title of Emperor Napoleon III • French were weary of instability and welcomed a strong ruler to bring peace to France • Napoleon III’s policies • Built railroads, encouraged industrialization, promoted public works programs • Unemployment gradually decreased • France experienced prosperity

17. Nation Building in Italy and Germany • After the Congress of Vienna, Austria ruled northern Italian provinces and Spain ruled the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies • Italians wanted their independence • Movement for Unity begins • 1832: Giuseppe Mazzini organized a nationalist group called Young Italy • 1848 revolts failed in Italy as in other areas of Europe • Giuseppe exiled

18. Sardinia Leads Italian Unification • 1852: Sardina’s King Victor Emmanuel II named Count Camillo di Cavour as his prime minister • Wealthy aristocrat • Worked to expand Emmanuel’s power • Led to the unification of Italy • Mazzini distrusted Cavour • Believed he wanted to increase Emmanuel’s power, not unify Italy

19. Cavour united northern Italy and began to look to control the south • Helped nationalists rebel in the south • 1860: Giuseppe Garibaldi and his nationalist troops captured Sicily • Led a patriotic expedition to the kingdom of the Two Sicilies, overthrew the gov’t, and presented southern Italy and Sicily to Sardinia • King Victor Emmanuel II rules over all of Italy

20. Germany Before Bismarck • Since 1815, 39 German states formed a loose grouping called the German Confederation • The two largest states, the Austro-Hungarian Empire and Prussia, dominated the confederation • Prussia was mainly Germanic and they had a powerful army • They also industrialized before other German states

21. Prussia Leads German Unification • 1861: King William I moved to reform the army, yet the Parliament would not grant him the money to do so • Saw this as a challenge to his authority • Supported by the Junkers (remember them?) • Conservatives, Prussian nobility • 1862: chose Otto von Bismarck as his Prime Minister • Became the master of “realpolitik” or “the politics of reality;” no room for idealism • With the king’s approval, Bismarck declared he would rule w/o the consent of parliament and w/o a legal budget • Direct violation of the consitution

22. Seven Weeks’ War1866 • Bismarck stirred up border conflicts with Austria • Austria declared war on Prussia • Prussians used their superior training and equipment to defeat the Austrians quickly • Humiliated Austria • Lost land to Prussia • Led to German unification • Bismarck used war to promote nationalism

23. The Franco-Prussian War1870-1871 • South remained independent • Bismarck believed he could win the support of the southerners if they faced an outside threat • Under the pretense of a false insult, the French declared war on Prussia (war=nationalism) • Prussians poured into northern France • Sept. 1870, Sedan surrounded (Napoleon III taken prisoner) • On January 18, 1871 King William I of Prussia was crowned Kaiser, or emperor (at the palace of Versailles) • Unification was complete (the south joined the north) • Germans called their empire the Second Reich • The Holy Roman Empire was the first • Hitler strives to create a Third Reich in the 1930s and 1940s • Prussia now becomes Germany

24. Russia • 1856 loss to the Ottoman Empire in the Crimean War proved Russia needed to industrialize • Czar Alexander II moved toward modernization • March 3, 1861 Czar Alexander II issued the Edict of Emancipation, freeing 20 million serfs • Terrorists assassinate Alexander II in 1881 • Political and social reforms halted • His successor, Alexander III, tightened czarist control

25. UNIT VIII Ch. 26 & 27

26. ImperialismWhat is it? • Imperialism is when a stronger nation takes over a weaker nation or territory. • Often the stronger nation sought to dominate the political, social and economic life of the weaker nation. • The weaker nation would become colonies of the stronger nation. • The Industrial Revolution encouraged Imperialism.

27. Colonized vs. Colonizers • The Europeans colonized much of the world between 1850-1914 • Africa, Asia and South America were mainly colonized by the Europeans • The Europeans thought they were helping, but really they were taking advantage • The Europeans were looking for natural resources and labor

28. Reasons Behind Imperialism • The Europeans believed they were superior- Racism! • Social Darwinism- Survival of the Fittest • Wanted Natural resources (diamonds) • Gold • Free slave labor • Europeans had the maxim machine gun • Wanted to “Westernize” & “Christianize” • God

29. Case Study: Africa • Africa before Imperialism • Divided into hundreds of ethnic and linguistic groups • Ranged from large empires that united many ethnic groups to independent villages

30. Berlin Conference1884-1885 • Competition over territory in Africa was fierce. • 14 Europeans nations met in Berlin to figure out rules for dividing up Africa Rules: • 1.You had to notify other nations that you were controlling that territory • 2. You had to be able to control the territory **No African leader was invited to participate in the meeting**

32. WWI: M.A.I.N. Causes • M: Militarism • A: Alliances • I: Imperialism • N: Nationalism

33. Background information • 1908 Austria-Hungary annexed the region of Bosnia-Herzegovina from the Ottoman Empire. • Bosnia was populated primarily with Slavic Muslims, Serbs and Croats. The Serbs especially had a strong desire for Independence. Serbia wanted to join the Slavic Bosnians to its own nation

34. War breaks out • June 28, 1914- Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand assassinated (grandson of Emperor Francis Joseph) • Planned to Tour the Bosnian capital of Sarajevo on June 28, 1914. The archduke planned a parade for his 14th wedding anniversary to his wife Sophie. • Secret nationalist society known as “the Black Hand” planned to assassinate the Archduke during the parade. • 7 young Serbs were hired to carry out the plot. • After a few unsuccessful attempts, the final assassin Gavrilo Princip shot him and his wife at point blank range

35. Triple Alliance Germany Austria-Hungary Italy “Central Powers” (1914) -Germany -Austria-Hungary Triple Entente France Great Britain Russia “Allies” (1914) -Great Britain -France -Russia -Japan -Italy (9 months into the war) Changes in the Alliance system

36. The First Battle of the Marne • Early on, the Schlieffen plan worked brilliantly. • As the Germans approached Paris though, the French learned where they would attack next. • On September 5, 1914, the French threw every available soldier at the Germans in the Marne River Valley outside of Paris.

37. The First Battle of the Marne • The First Battle of the Marne was the most important battle of WWI for several reasons: • France stopped the German advance. • The Schlieffen Plan fell apart. • Both sides found out that a quick victory would not be possible.

38. The Western Front • Western front was basically Northern France • Dominated by modern weaponry • Trench warfare

39. No Man’s Land • War field where poisonous gases were let loose • Many soldiers encountered death from the poisonous gas • Strewn with shell craters, cadavers and body parts

40. New Weapons lead to a stalemate • Technological developments that favored defensive tactics • Barbed wire halted advancement of soldiers • Machine guns were one of the most important weapons • Mustard gas rotted the body • Tanks & airplanes were other novel weapons

41. The Eastern Front • In the Balkans and throughout Eastern Europe, battles moved better than in Western Europe. Mobile warfare. • After defending their own land, Austrians and Germans overran Siberia, Albania, and Romania. • Russia invaded Prussia in 1914-large numbers of casualties • The Central Powers recovered from this attack and by 1915 had driven Russians out of East Prussia and Poland. They then formed a defensive line from Riga, Latvia to Chernovtsky, Ukraine. • Russia counterattacked this, but failed in 1916-1917 • These defeats started to create unpopularity for the tsar.

42. A Flawed Peace: The Treaty of Versailles • Allies win WWI, November 11, 1918 • Jan. 18, 1919 • Big Four meet at Versailles • Woodrow Wilson (U.S.) • George Clemenceau (France) • David Lloyd George (Great Britain) • Vittorio Orlando (Italy) • Wilson brought his Fourteen Points • Outlined a plan for lasting peace • 14th point: the creation of a League of Nations

43. Treaty of Versailles: Major Provisions

44. Russian Revolution • Fall of Imperial Russia • Political system, with its weak Duma and powerful Csar, was not conducive to the total war of WWI • 1915 Csar Nicholas II left his wife and took direct command of his armies at the front • Rasputin • March 1917: troops mutinied and women rioted • Csar abdicated

45. Lenin and the Bolshevik Revolution • Germans bring Lenin out of exile • Make peace with Germany, March 1918 • Treaty of Brest-Litovsk • Surrendered territory to Germany • Humiliating; led to widespread anger among those who objected the Bolsheviks • Out of the war • Trotsky and the militant Bolsheviks seize power • Russian Civil War: 1918-1920 • Costly (15 million dead; 3 years of famine that followed)

46. Lenin Restores Order • New Economic Policy (NEP) • March 1921 • Restored small-scale version of capitalism • Allowed peasants to sell their surplus crops instead of giving them to the gov’t • Also encouraged foreign investment • Political Reforms • Organized Russia into self-governing republics • 1922: country named Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR); new capital—Moscow • Bolsheviks renamed their party---Communist Party

47. THE END