1 / 17

The Enlightenment

The Enlightenment. The Enlightenment Ideals. Belief in the supremacy of reason over pleasure; conviction that humans could perfect society through the application of the intellect to human affairs Science takes its place for the first time. The Philosophes. Thinkers who advocated reason

Jims
Download Presentation

The Enlightenment

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. The Enlightenment

  2. The Enlightenment Ideals • Belief in the supremacy of reason over pleasure; conviction that humans could perfect society through the application of the intellect to human affairs • Science takes its place for the first time

  3. The Philosophes • Thinkers who advocated reason • Paris was the center of the movement • Search for universal laws in human affairs • Scorned superstition, Christianity • Encyclopedie – a compendium of all human knowledge edited by Diderot • Deism – God created universe to operate rationally

  4. The Salons • Social gatherings with dining, entertainment, conversation • Wealthy women • Mme. Geoffrin: Rousseau, Diderot • Helped finance Encyclopedie • Discussion of ideas and events

  5. Rousseau • Most popular of the Enlightenment • Natural goodness of humans; value of freedom and equality • Respect for humans in nature – Native Americans were the exemplars • Concept of “general will” • Flaws in society and institution cause social injustice

  6. LOCKE Two Treatises of Government Government: voluntary association of humans acting in their self-interest Humans are reasonable and cooperative Power of the legislature: the people People could overthrow government and replace with better one HOBBES Leviathan All-powerful sovereign should rule stupid humans Humans are greedy and violent Power of the executive: the government

  7. Rococo Style • Softer, more delicate style than Baroque • Name from “rocaille,” a shell-like decoration used in gardens. • Art was happy, witty, frivolous, playful • Watteau: Pilgrimage to Cythera (fig. 16.3) • Fragonard: The Meeting (fig. 16.5)

  8. The Bourgeois Response • Figaro based on a French play • Condemned aristocratic privilege • Middle class gained influence • Art reflected their moral attitudes

  9. The Rise of the Novel • Epistolary novels • A leisured class of educated readers emerged • Novels of manners, such as Jane Austen’s Sense and Sensibility

  10. The Neoclassical Style • Style of the later eighteenth century that imitated the art of ancient Greece and Rome • Influenced by scholarship, excavations of Herculaneum and Pompeii

  11. Neoclassical Architecture • Influence of Palladio • Chiswick House (fig. 16.17) • Thomas Jefferson: Ambassador to France • Monticello in Virginia (fig. 16.19)

  12. Neoclassical Painting • Jacques-Louis David: Oath of the Horatii (fig. 16.13), 1784 • This painting embodied leading principles of neoclassicism: didactic purpose, purity of form, and deep passion restrained by good taste. • Revolt against rococo • David involved in French Revolution

  13. The Classical Symphony • Order, proportion, harmony • Haydn – “father” of symphony • 4 movements • sonata form: three-part structure still used today • Mozart had the ability to create effortless transitions between sections and build symmetrical structure for his music

  14. The Age of Satire • Aims to improve society by humorous criticism • Attacks on social ills • Jonathan Swift: Gulliver’s Travels • Voltaire: Candide • Hogarth: Marriage à la Mode: The Marriage Contract (fig. 16.9)

  15. Jonathan Swift • A Modest Proposal recommended that poor Irish children be butchered, roasted and served for Sunday dinners. It would reduce population and provide income. • Gulliver’s Travels Horses put humans to shame. Mocked humans as Yahoos • Not convinced of human decency

  16. Voltaire • Opposed evils of religious bigotry and political oppression • Candide makes fun of optimists • Cultivate your own garden: reject philosophical solutions, cultivate self, work hard and seek a comfortable and reasonable life.

  17. Mozart and Opera • Independent musician: no patron • Began at age 6. Composed more than 600 works, including 20 operas and 41 symphonies • Joseph II of Austria sponsored him • Balance of music and drama in opera • The Marriage of Figaro, Don Giovanni, The Magic Flute

More Related