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Week 3

Week 3. Apollo & Artemis Demeter and Persephone Hermes Dionysus. Apollo and Artemis. Ca. 460 BCE Apollo and Artemis avenging Leto’s honor. ARTEMIS. Daughter of ZEUS and LETO Twin sister of APOLLO Born on the island of DELOS. The Lady of Animals. Has lions in her retinue

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Week 3

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  1. Week 3 Apollo & Artemis Demeter and Persephone Hermes Dionysus

  2. Apollo and Artemis • Ca. 460 BCE Apollo and Artemis avenging Leto’s honor

  3. ARTEMIS • Daughter ofZEUS and LETO • Twin sister of APOLLO • Born on the island of DELOS

  4. The Lady of Animals • Has lions in her retinue • Horns and skin of pray hung on tree in honor of Artemis • Since Homer: a girl

  5. NIOBE AND HER CHILDREN • Leto dishonored in Thebes: queen NIOBE boasts to have borne seven sons and seven daughters • Apollo kills all sons; Artemis all daughters • Niobe turned to stone

  6. Myths of Artemis 2ACTEON • Hunting, A. saw Artemis in her bath • She transformed him into a stag • His dogs tore him to pieces

  7. CALLISTO Zeus, disguised as Artemis, raped her friend Callisto • Artemis expelled Callisto • Callisto gave birth to ARCAS • Hera turned her into a bear • Arcas almost killed his mother • Zeus transformed both into constellations

  8. ORION • ORION tried to seduce Artemis • The goddess produced a scorpion that killed him OR • Orion pursued the PLEIADES • They were all transformed into constellations (SIRIUS, Orion's hunting dog, became the Dog Star)

  9. CHARACTERISTICS OF ARTEMIS • Vehement virgin with characteristics of a fertility goddess • Moon-goddess linked with the lunar cycle and menstrual period • Goddess of nature itself personifying its pristine purity

  10. Artemis: A Virgin Fertility Goddess

  11. HECATE an Artemis-like figure • Fertility goddess of the Underworld depicted with a blazing torch • Accompanied by fierce hounds • Goddess of the crossroads • Skilled in the arts of black magic

  12. Hecate and the crossroads • To the Romans Hecate was “Trivia” of the crossroads • Received offerings of food called Hecate's suppers

  13. DELOS: BIRTHPLACE OF APOLLO • In the hymn “To Delian Apollo" there is no mention of Artemis • Apollo nursed on nectar and ambrosia miraculously becomes a mighty god • Curved bow and the lyre become his attributes • Prophecy to mortals his domain

  14. SANCTUARY OF APOLLO AT DELPHI • Apollo chose a place under Mt. PARNASSUS for his oracle and temple. • He slew a dragon named PYTHO • Apollo given the epithet PYTHIAN, his prophetess, PYTHIA • Apollo from Lycia in Asia Minor • Ephebos, kouros • Phoibos = Fox-like • Lykeios = wolf-like

  15. The Omphalos “The Navel" an archaic stone shaped like an egg. Explanations: • marks the center of the world b) marks the tomb of Python c) Is the stone Cronus swallowed instead of Zeus

  16. Apollo sitting on the Omphalos • Silver tetradrachma from 3rd BCE

  17. Pythian Games • From Apollo’s sanctuary at Delphi • Ca. 470 BCE

  18. Theater in Delphi

  19. APOLLO'S LOVES: SIBYL • Title of the prophetess of Apollo • The original Sibyl from Cumae in Italy was pursued by Apollo • When she rejected him, the god granted her immortality without eternal youth • She eventually to became only a voice

  20. Apollo’s loves: CASSANDRA • Daughter of the Trojan King Priam • Agreed to give herself to Apollo and received the gift of prophecy. • Changed her mind • Apollo made sure that her true prophecies would never be believed

  21. Apollo’s Loves: CYRENE • Apollo fell in love with her when he saw her wrestling with a lion. • He took her to the city in Libya that would bear her name. • They had a son Aristaeus, a keeper of bees.

  22. Apollo’s Loves: DAPHNE 1 • “Laurel" • Apollo offended Eros • Eros sent a dull, leaden arrow that repels love at Daphne, and a bright short arrow at Apollo.

  23. Apollo and Daphne 2 • Daphne vowed to remain a virgin devoted to Artemis, and fled Apollo • When she reached the waters of the Peneus (her father) she was transformed into a laurel tree

  24. Apollo’s Loves: HYACINTHUS • Hyacinthus was wounded and killed while competing at throwing discus with Apollo. • Apollo caused a new flower, the hyacinth, to arise from his blood.

  25. Apollo, Hiacynthus and Cyparissus

  26. Apollo’s Loves: CORONIS • CORONIS was pregnant with Apollo’s child when the raven saw her in the arms of another lover • The god shot her with one of his arrows, but saved the baby ASCLEPIUS who became the god of medicine

  27. Apollo’s Musical contests: MARSYAS • The satyr Marsyas picked up the flute invented by Athena. • He challenged Apollo to a contest • Apollo won and he decided to flay Marsyas alive

  28. Apollo’s Musical Contests: PAN • Pan dared to engage in a contest with Apollo. • TMOLUS the god of the mountain was the judge. • He declared Apollo the victor, but MIDAS, the king of Phrygia declared the verdict unjust. • Apollo changed Midas’ ears into the ears of an ass.

  29. Apollo and Pan

  30. THE NATURE OF APOLLO • God of shepherds, associated with music • God of medicine • God of the sun PHOEBUS Apollo "bright."     • Symbol of classical restraint, of "Know thyself" and "Nothing too much." • Can bring enlightenment, atonement, truth, and a new civic order of justice and is often contrasted with Dionysus

  31. Apollo

  32. Apollo 11, 1961

  33. Demeter and the Eleusinian Mysteries The Homeric Hymn to Demeter

  34. Demeter and the abduction of Persephone by Hades Persephone: daughter of Demeter and Zeus was kidnapped by Hades

  35. Demeter’s Grief • Hecate heard Persephone’s screams • The sun-god Helius saw Hades • Demeter suspects Zeus

  36. Demeter in Eleusis • Daughters of KELEUS, and METANEIRA invite her • She refuses to taste food or drink until IAMBE, with jests and jokes caused her to smile and laugh. • She then accepted a drink called KYKEON.

  37. Baubo

  38. Demeter the nurse of Demophoon • Attempts to make him immortal through fire. • When Metaneira interrupts her Demeter reveals her divinity. • She then disappears but promises to teach her rites to the inhabitants of Eleusis.

  39. Demeter’s Anger • Demeter causes a year with no harvest. • Zeus orders Hades to release Persephone. • Before leaving Persephone eats a pomegranate seed.

  40. Final Compromise • 1/3 third part of the year below • 2/3 with her mother • Demeter restores fertility • establishes her Eleusinian Mysteries

  41. The Final Message of the Hymn Happy is the one of mortals on earth who has seen these things. But those who are uninitiated into the holy rites … never are destined to a similar joy when they are dead in the gloomy realm below.”

  42. The Greater Eleusinian Mysteries

  43. The Greater Mysteries • September and October • Splendid procession between Athens and Eleusis with "holy objects" carried by priests and priestesses • Sacrifices, prayers, and cleansing in the sea

  44. The Eleusinian Procession • Ritual cleansing • Torches • Fasting and vigil • Hymns and obscene jests

  45. The Sacred Rites • KYKEON the sacred drink • Dramatic performance ? vision of Afterlife ? religious purification • The revelation of the hiera, "sacred objects"

  46. HADES • Roman names: DIS, PLUTO (both names mean wealth) • ORCUS by the Romans • God of death and agricultural plenty

  47. TARTARUS • Place of punishment • Name for Hades’ realm as a whole • Erebus • The darkness of Tartarus • Tartarus itself

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