Myers EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY 6th Ed

1. Myers� EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (6th Ed) Chapter 12 Personality James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth Publishers Modified by Nancy Hague, PhD

3. What is Personality? Personality basic perspectives Psychoanalytic Humanistic

4. The Psychoanalytic Perspective Freud�s theory proposed that childhood sexuality and unconscious motivations influence personality

5. The Psychoanalytic Perspective Psychoanalysis Freud�s theory of personality that attributes our thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions

6. The Psychoanalytic Perspective Free Association in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

7. The Psychoanalytic Perspective Unconscious according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings and memories expressed in dreams, habits, slips of tongue, bungled actions, troubling symptoms

8. The Psychoanalytic Perspective Unconscious contemporary viewpoint- information processing of which we are unaware

9. Personality Structure Id has unconscious psychic energy strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification behavior of infants is controlled by id

10. Personality Structure Superego internalized ideals provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations inhibits impulsive action

11. Personality Structure Ego the largely conscious, �executive� part of personality mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id�s desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain

12. Personality Structure Freud�s idea of the mind�s structure

13. Motivational conflict a Freudian example of motivational conflict: id vs. superego as mediated by the ego

14. Personality Development Psychosexual Stages the childhood stages of development during which the id�s pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones fixation at early stages was said to be associated with problems typical of that stage l

15. Personality Development Conflicts of Psychosexual Stages Oral-preoccupation with oral acquisition, dependency Anal-preoccupation with neatness or the opposite Phallic- overt sexual behavior not acceptable Latency Genital

16. Personality Development

17. Personality Development Oedipus Complex a boy�s sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father

18. Personality Development Identification the process by which children incorporate their parents� values into their developing superegos Fixation a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, where conflicts were unresolved

19. Defense Mechanisms Defense Mechanisms the ego�s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality Repression the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness

20. Defense Mechanisms Repression the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness repression is the defense mechanism that underlies all others

21. Defense Mechanisms Regression defense mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated

22. Defense Mechanisms Reaction Formation defense mechanism by which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites conscious expression of feelings that are the opposite of their anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings

23. Defense Mechanisms Projection defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others Rationalization defense mechanism that offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one�s actions

24. Defense Mechanisms Displacement defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet

25. Assessing the Unconscious Projective Test a personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one�s inner dynamics

26. Assessing the Unconscious Rorschach Inkblot Test the most widely used projective test a set of 10 inkblots designed by Hermann Rorschach seeks to identify people�s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots

27. Neo-Freudians, see p. 436 Alfred Adler Karen Horney Carl Jung Erik Erikson

28. Neo-Freudians Whereas Freud emphasized biological drives, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson emphasized the importance of social and cultural influences

29. Neo-Freudians Alfred Adler importance of inferiority

30. Neo-Freudians Karen Horney basic anxiety and neurotic needs sought to balance Freud�s masculine biases

31. Neo-Freudians Carl Jung emphasized the collective unconscious concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species� history

32. Neo-Freudians Erik Erikson Emphasized psychosocial development across the lifespan

33. Humanistic Perspective Abraham Maslow (1908-1970) studied self-actualization processes of productive and healthy people (e.g., Lincoln)

34. Humanistic Perspective Self-Actualization the ultimate psychological need that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved the motivation to fulfill one�s potential

35. Humanistic Perspective Carl Rogers Unconditional Positive Regard an attitude of total acceptance toward another person involving genuineness, acceptance, and empathy

36. Humanistic Perspective Carl Rogers ideal self vs. actual self

37. Humanistic Perspective Humanistic perspective has been criticized for underestimating human capacity for evil and destructiveness

38. Contemporary Research �Measuring Personality Personality Inventory a questionnaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors used to assess selected personality traits

39. Measuring Personality/ Psychopathology Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use) now used for many other screening purposes

40. Measuring Personality/ Psychopathology Empirically Derived Test a test developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups such as the MMPI

41. Measuring Personality/ Psychopathology Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) test profile

42. Contemporary Research - The Trait Perspective Trait a characteristic pattern of behavior a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports

43. Contemporary Research - The Trait Perspective Gordon Allport After interview with Freud, became pioneer in trait theory 18,000 adjectives describing personality18,000 adjectives describing personality

44. The Trait Perspective Hans and Sybil Eysenck use two primary personality factors as axes for describing personality variation

45. The Trait Perspective

46. Contemporary Research - The Trait Perspective Big five was derived through factor analysis

47. Person-Situation Debate consistency of traits across situations importance of traits vs. importance of situations Social psychologists look at the power of the situationSocial psychologists look at the power of the situation

48. Personality and Barnum effect P. T. Barnum quote: �There�s a sucker born every minute.� explains acceptance of �crystal-ball� predictions

49. Social-Cognitive Perspective Social-Cognitive Perspective views behavior as influenced by the interaction between persons and their social context Reciprocal Determinism the interacting influences between personality and environmental factors

50. Social-Cognitive Perspective

51. Social-Cognitive Perspective Personal Control our sense of controlling our environments rather than feeling helpless External Locus of Control the perception that chance or outside forces beyond one�s personal control determine one�s fate

52. Social-Cognitive Perspective Internal Locus of Control the perception that one controls one�s own fate Learned Helplessness the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events Internal locus of control contributes to academic successInternal locus of control contributes to academic success

53. Social-Cognitive Perspective Learned Helplessness

54. Social-Cognitive Perspective Personal Control our sense of controlling our environments rather than feeling helpless particularly important when we have experienced a loss of control (for example, through illness)

55. Social-Cognitive Perspective Positive Psychology the scientific study of optimal human functioning aims to discover and promote conditions that enable individuals and communities to thrive

56. Social-Cognitive Perspective Optimism When is it helpful? When is it harmful?

57. Exploring the Self Spotlight Effect overestimating others noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders Self Esteem one�s feelings of high or low self-worth Self-Serving Bias readiness to perceive oneself favorably

58. Exploring the Self Self-esteem one�s feelings of high or low self-worth correlation between low self-esteem and life problems unrealistically high self-esteem associated with excessive aggressiveness

59. Exploring the Self Self-Serving Bias tendency to accept more personal responsibility for successes than for failures

60. Exploring the Self Individualism giving priority to one�s own goals over group goals and defining one�s identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications Collectivism giving priority to the goals of one�s group (often one�s extended family or work group) and defining one�s identity accordingly

61. Exploring the Self