Myers’ EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (6th Ed)

1. Myers’ EXPLORINGPSYCHOLOGY (6th Ed) Chapter 3 States of Consciousness

2. Waking Consciousness • _______________ • our awareness of ourselves and our environments • _______________ • focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus

3. Sleep and Dreams • ___________________ • the biological clock • regular bodily rhythms, such as of wakefulness and body temperature, that occur on a 24-hour cycle

4. Sleep and Dreams • REM (Rapid Eye Movement) Sleep • recurring sleep stage • vivid dreams • “paradoxical sleep” • muscles are generally relaxed, but other body systems are active • Sleep • periodic, natural, reversible loss of consciousness

5. Sleep and Dreams • Measuring sleep activity

6. Brain Waves and Sleep Stages • ____________ • slow waves of a relaxed, awake brain • _____________ • large, slow waves of deep sleep • Hallucinations • false sensory experiences

7. Awake Sleep stages 1 2 3 REM 4 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Hours of sleep Stages in a Typical Night’s Sleep

8. Minutes of Stage 4 and REM Decreasing Stage 4 25 20 15 Increasing REM 10 5 0 1 2 5 6 7 8 3 4 Hours of sleep Stages in a Typical Night’s Sleep

9. Sleep Deprivation • Effects of Sleep Loss • fatigue • impaired concentration • depressed immune system • greater vulnerability to accidents

10. Accident frequency More sleep, fewer accidents Less sleep, more accidents 2,800 2,700 4,200 2,600 4000 2,500 3,800 2,400 3,600 Spring time change (hour sleep loss) Fall time change (hour sleep gained) Monday before time change Monday after time change Sleep Deprivation

11. Sleep Disorders • Insomnia • persistent problems in falling or staying asleep • Narcolepsy • uncontrollable sleep attacks • __________________ • temporary cessation of breathing during sleep • momentary reawakenings

12. Sleep Disorders • Are You Getting Enough Sleep??

13. Night Terrors and Nightmares • Night Terrors • occur within 2 or 3 hours of falling asleep, usually during Stage 4 • high arousal - appearance of being terrified • seldom remembered

14. Dreams • What are your thoughts about dreams? • What have you learned to believe? • What are some recurring dreams you have? • What are lucid dreams?

15. Dreams: Freud • Dreams • sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind • hallucinatory imagery • discontinuities • incongruities • delusional acceptance of the content • difficulties remembering

16. Dreams: Freud • Sigmund Freud--The Interpretation of Dreams (1900) • wish fulfillment • discharge otherwise unacceptable feelings • ___________________ • remembered story line • __________________ • underlying meaning

17. Dreams • As Information Processing • helps facilitate memories • As a Physiological Function • periodic brain stimulation • REM Rebound • REM sleep increases following REM sleep deprivation

18. Sleep Across the Lifespan

19. Drugs and Consciousness • Psychoactive Drug • a chemical substance that alters perceptions and mood • Physical Dependence • physiological need for a drug • marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms • Psychological Dependence • a psychological need to use a drug • for example, to relieve negative emotions

20. Big effect Response to first exposure Drug effect After repeated exposure, more drug is needed to produce same effect Little effect Large Small Drug dose Dependence and Addiction • ______________ • diminishing effect with regular use • _____________ • discomfort and distress that follow discontinued use

21. Psychoactive Drugs • ____________________ • drugs that reduce neural activity • alcohol, barbiturates, opiates • slow body functions

22. Psychoactive Drugs • Alcohol • affects motor skills, judgment, and memory • reduces self awareness • Barbiturates • drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment

23. Psychoactive Drugs • Opiates • opium and its derivatives (morphine and heroin) • opiates depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety • highly addictive

24. Psychoactive Drugs • _____________________ • drugs that excite neural activity • caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine • speed up body functions

25. The Physiological Effects of Nicotine

26. Psychoactive Drugs • Amphetamines • drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes

27. Psychoactive Drugs • Cocaine • effects depend on dosage, form, expectations, personality and situation • coca leaves • powder • crack

28. Cocaine Euphoria and Crash

29. Psychoactive Drugs • Ecstasy • MDMA (methylenedioxymethamphetamine) • stimulant and mild hallucinogen • dangerous short and long term effects

30. Psychoactive Drugs • _____________________ • psychedelic (mind-manifesting) drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input • LSD • MDMA (Ecstasy)

31. Psychoactive Drugs • LSD • lysergic acid diethylamide • a powerful hallucinogenic drug • also known as acid • THC • the major active ingredient in marijuana • triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations

32. Psychoactive Drugs

33. Trends in Drug Use

34. Perceived Marijuana Risk

35. Near-Death Experiences • Near-Death Experience • an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death • often similar to drug-induced hallucinations