Chapter 14 New Encounters: The Creation of a World Market

1. New Encounters: The Creation of a World Market

2. An Age of Exploration and Expansion Islam and the Spice Trade Spice trade transported in Muslim ships from India or Middle East Islam established in Sumatra and Java seaports and moved inland New sultanate at Malacca � leading economic regional power Spread of Islam to other trading ports, Java, Borneo, Sulawesi, Philippines Muslim faith and Sufism Spread of Islam in West Africa Muslim trade and religious influence expanded south of Sahara to West Africa Muslim control over Mediterranean coast regions brought Islamic values, political culture, and legal traditions Kingdom of Mali Kingdom of Songhai Askia Mohammed, a fervent Muslim

3. A New Player: Europe European medieval travelers Nicol�, Maffeo, and Marco Polo, 1271 The Motives Economic motive, religious zeal, expansion a state, �God, glory, and gold� Rise of capitalism: expansion of trade and search for metals Crusading mentality strong in Portugal and Spain The Means European monarchies increased authority and resources, so turned to the world beyond their borders Portugal went overseas � not strong enough to pursue Europe Spain: had means to pursue power on Continent and beyond Knowledge and technology Portolani (charts), seaworthy ships, sails, rudder, compass

4. Portuguese Maritime Empire The Portuguese lead in exploration Prince Henry the Navigator (1394-1460) Sought Christian kingdom as ally against Muslims Sought new trade opportunities Explored west coast of Africa for gold Returned with black Africans who were sold as slaves The Portuguese in India Route to India around southern tip of Africa Bartolomeu Dias, 1487 attempts to get to India � failed Vasco da Gama, 1498 finds India and lands in Calicut The Search for Spices Alfonso de Albuquerque 1510 established headquarters at Goa Attacked Malacca to destroy the Arab spice trade network and provide way station Expeditions to China and Moluccas (Spice Islands) Seized control of spice trade from Muslin traders Success due to guns and seamanship

5. The Spice Islands

6. Spanish Conquest in the �New World� The Voyages Christopher Columbus (1451-1506) Voyages in 1492, 1493, 1498, and 1502 John Cabot, 1497 New England Pedro Cabral, 1500 South America Amerigo Vespucci, wrote letters named new lands �America� (after Amerigo)

7. Columbus Lands in the Americas

8. The Conquests Opportunities for conquest and exploitation Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 Cape of Good Hope route for Portuguese Route across Atlantic for Spain Spanish conquistadors: upper-class people motivated by glory, greed, and religious zeal Superior weapons, organizational skills, determination Hernan Cort�s defeated Moctezuma and conquered Mexico in 1519 Francisco Pizarro controlled Inka Empire (Peru) 1531-1536

9. Governing the Empire Encomienda Forced labor Diesase Council of the Indies Viceroy New Spain and Peru Papal agreement

10. The Impact of European Expansion Native Americans ravaged by disease Psychological impact Conquerors sought gold and silver New products sent to Europe Deepened rivalries Why did Europeans risk their lives?

11. New Rivals Portuguese Portugal lacked numbers, wealth to dominate trade Disease, shipwreck and battles took a toll Europeans in Asia Ferdinand Magellan conquered the Philippines for Spain First English expedition to the Indies in 1591 East India Company sent fleet to Surat, India in 1608 Dutch arrived in India in 1595 Dutch East India Company formed in 1602

12. Europeans in the Americas Dutch, French, English made inroads on Spanish and Portuguese possessions in Americas Portuguese trade eroded in both West and the East Colonial empire in Brazil was profitable Dutch made inroads in Brazil and Caribbean Colony of New Netherland stretched from Hudson river as far north as Albany, New York Dutch West India company went bankrupt

13. Europeans in the Americas, cont�d French Lesser Antilles and Louisiana Canada was part of French crown and became a French province Conflict in Europe took precedence over conquest in Americas English Seized New Netherland and renamed it New York Colonial empire along Atlantic seaboard Huge immigration to Americas to escape religious oppression and for economic interests

14. Africa in Transition Portuguese in east Africa Gold trade Mwene Matapa Southern Africa Settled by the Dutch, Boers, in 1652 West Africa Mali Songhai King Askia Mohammed, 1493-1528 Broke up after his death Increased European contact with West Africa

16. European Possessions in the West Indies

18. The Slave Trade Origins of Slavery in Africa Traffic in slaves existed for centuries before the Portuguese arrived in Africa Primary market for slaves was Middle East Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans Need for slaves to work in labor intensive sugar cane industries in New World Growth of Slave Trade 16th C: 275,000 African slaves exported 17th C: a million 18th C: 6 million 16th-19th C: 10 million to Americas and 2 million to other areas

19. The Middle Passage High death rates from voyage Treated inhumanely � chained, faced diseases and stink from human waste Sources of Slaves Prisoners or war captives or inherited their status Served as domestic servants or wageless workers Purchase from local slave markets for gold, guns, textiles, utensils Took Africans from coast, then went inland and launched forays against defenseless villages

20. Effects of Slave Trade Lives of individual victims and families Depopulation of areas of continent (Angola, south of Congo, East Africa) 20% sold were children European justification: slave trading historical African intermediaries were the sellers Slaves could be converted to Christianity and would replace weak American Indian workers

21. Political and Social Structures in a Changing Continent Importation of manufactured goods from Europe undermined foundations of local cottage industry Limited European penetration of Africa Altering of trading empires European impact on inland areas European impact on West Africa Unity and benefits for West African kingdoms Involvement in the slave trade and temptations of profit contributed to conflict among states Splintering of the Congo region East Africa Movements by Arab forces to expel the Portuguese

22. The Slave Trade

23. Southeast Asia in the Era of the Spice Trade: The arrival of the West Dutch East India Company Batavia, 1619 Java and Sumatra have pepper plantations Cohesive monarchies in Burma, Thailand, and Vietnam resisted foreign encroachment Spices did not flourish on the mainland Europeans became involved in factional struggles By end of the 18th century Europeans began to abandon their trading stations

24. State and Society in Pre-colonial Southeast Asia Religion and Kingship Islam and Christianity make inroads Buddhism in the lowland areas Four types of political systems: Buddhist kings, Javanese kings, Islamic sultans, Vietnamese Emperors Economy and Society Mostly agriculture during the early European period Cash crops begin to replace subsistence farming Southeast Asia an importer of manufactured goods Exports of tin, copper, gold, fruits, ceramics Higher standard of living than most of Asia Social institutions

25. European Voyages and Possessions in the 16th and 17th Centuries

26. The Pattern of World Trade from 16th-18th Centuries

27. Discussion Questions How did Portugal and Spain acquire their overseas empires, and how did their methods differ? What were some of the consequences of the arrival of the European traders and missionaries for the peoples of Asia and the Americas? What were the main features of the African slave trade, and what effects did European participation have on traditional practices? What were the main characteristics of Southeast Asia societies, and how were they affected by the coming of Islam and the Europeans?