Participles

1. Participles Latin II Chapter V

2. Definition • A participle is that form of the verb which is used like an adjective. • Since it is a verb, it has tense and voice. It can take a direct object, an indirect object, etc. • Since it is an adjective, it has case, number, and gender, and it will modify a noun.

3. Formation Active Passive Present Perfect Future 2nd pp - re + ns, ntis “x-ing” 4th pp “having been x-ed” 2nd pp - re + ndus, a, um 4th pp - us +urus, a, um “about to x” “must be x-ed” Present active participles are declined like third declension adjectives, while perfect passive, future active and passive participles are declined like first/second declension adjectives.

4. Third -io and Fourth Conjugation Verbs • Be careful when forming the present active and future passive participles for 3rd -io and 4th conjugation verbs: • drop the entire infinitive ending (ire/ere) • add -ie- • then add the -ns, -ntis or -ndus, a, um

5. Present Active Participle • 2nd pp - re + ns, ntis servo, servare drop the “re”, add -ns, -ntis servansservantes servantis servantum servanti servantibus servantem servantes servante servantibus Recall that for the third declension, you must go to the genitive to get the stem. These are the endings for the masculine and feminine forms of the adjective. For the neuter forms, use the third declension neuter endings.

6. Present Active Participle • 2nd pp - re + ns, ntis servo, servare drop the “re”, add -ns, -ntis servansservantia servantis servantium servanti servantibus servants servantia servante servantibus Recall that for the third declension, you must go to the genitive to get the stem. These are the endings for the neuter forms of the adjective.

7. Declined like a 1st/2nd declension adjective Perfect Passive Participle • 4th pp servo, servare, servavi, servatus servatus, a, um servati, ae, a servati, ae, i servatorum, arum, orum servato, ae, o servatis, is, is servatum , am, um servatos, as, a servato, a, o servatis, is, is “having been saved”

8. Future Active Participle • 4th pp - us + urus, a, um servo, servare, servavi, servatus servaturus, a, um servaturi, ae, a servaturi, ae, i servaturorum, arum, orum servaturo, ae, o servaturis, is, is servaturum, am, um servaturos, as, a servaturo, a, o servaturis, is, is Declinedlike a 1st/2nd declension adjective “about to save”

9. Future Passive Participle • 2nd pp - re + ndus, a, um servo, servare, servavi, servatus servandus, a, um servandi, ae, a servandi, ae, i servandorum, arum, orum servando, ae, o servandis, is, is servandum, am, um servandos, as, a servando, a, o servandis, is, is Declined like a 1st/2nd declension adjective “must be saved”

10. Participle Uses • indicate the time of the action in relation to the adjoining verb • present participle indicates the action is going on at the same time as the verb • future participle indicates the action will happen after the verb • perfect participle indicates that the action happened before the verb Sedens in lecto, puer edit. Sitting on the couch, the boy eats. The boy is sitting on the couch at the same time that he is eating.

11. Participle Uses • Just like any other adjective, it describes a noun legati necati slaughtered ambassadors violatihospites violatedguests

12. Present Active Practice declining and translating….. Munio, munire, munivi, munitus • 2nd pp - re + ns, ntis* * Remember that for 3rd-io and 4th conjugation verbs, you must drop the entire infinitive ending, then add -ie- before adding the adjective endings muniens munientes munientum munientis munientibus munienti munientes munientem munientibus muniente “building, fortifying”

13. Practice declining and translating….. Perfect Passive Munio, munire, munivi, munitus • 4th pp munitus, a, um muniti, ae, a munitorum, arum, orum muniti, ae, i munitis, is, is munito, ae, o munitos, as, a munitum, am, um munitis, is, is munito, a, o “having been built, having been fortified”

14. Practice declining and translating….. Future Active Munio, munire, munivi, munitus • 4th pp - us + urus muniturus, a, um munituri, ae, a muniturorum, arum, orum munituri, ae, i munituris, is, is munituro, ae, o munituros, as, a muniturum, am, um munituris, is, is munituro, a, o “about to build, about to fortify”

15. More on Future Active Participles….. Sometimes they are best translated as relative (dependent) clauses……. Hannibal proelium cum Romanis commissurus de montes in Italiam venit. Hannibal, about to begin battle, ….. OR Hannibal, who was going to begin battle, …..

16. Practice declining and translating….. Future Passive Munio, munire, munivi, munitus • 2nd pp - re + ndus* muniendus, a, um muniendi, ae, a muniendorum, arum, orum muniendi, ae, i muniendis, is, is muniendo, ae, o muniendos, as, a muniendum, am, um muniendis, is, is muniendo, a, o “must be built, must be fortified” * again, remember that with 3rd-io and 4th conjugation verbs, you need to drop the entire infinitive ending, add -ie-, then add the adjective ending

17. 1. Another name for the fourth principal part of a verb is the ___________________, and it functions as a(n) ___________________. perfect passive participle adjective 2. Participles can/cannot function by themselves as the main verb of a sentence. CANNOT 3. A participle can modify what part of speech? Review a noun or pronoun 4. Translate the following sentence: Vir ducens animalia Hannibal est. The man leading the animals is Hannibal. What is/are the object(s) of ducens? Animalia is not the object of est!!! It is the object of ducens!

18. Practice Sentences Senex, multas iniurias passus, auxilium petivit. The old man, having suffered many injuries, sought help. Ab amicis incitatus, certavit. Encouraged by his friends, he competed. Anulum inventum ad dominum tulimus. When the ring had been found, we took it to the master. (We took the ring having been found to the master.)

19. ANY QUESTIONS? PRESENT ACTIVE PERFECT ACTIVE FUTURE ACTIVE FUTURE PASSIVE