CHAPTER 16 WORLD WAR LOOMS

1. CHAPTER 16 WORLD WAR LOOMS

2. I. Causes/Course/Results of World War II A. RISE OF DICTATORS 1. TERMINOLOGY: a. Government controlled by one person with absolute power – DICTATORSHIP. b. Dictatorship that exercises total control over a nation and suppresses individual freedoms – TOTALITARINISM 2. REASONS FOR RISE OF DICTATORS: a. DISSATISFACTION WITH TREATY OF VERSAILLES b. ECONOMIC PROBLEMS AND UNEMPLOYMENT c. FEAR OF COMMUNISM

3. 3. While the U.S. was totally involved in the Depression and • the experimentations of the New Deal, three Fascist • nations began to aggress in the face of international law • and challenged the world to do anything about it. • a. FASCISM –political philosophy that exalts nationalism • and often race above the individual. It is often • characterized by: • . State controlled economics • . Forcible suppression to opposition • . Dictatorial control • Not only was the U.S. absorbed in its own economic woes, • isolation became the reaction to every action by the fascist countries of JAPAN, ITALY and GERMANY.

4. Japan – leader of Japan: EMPEROR HIRIHITO in 1931, • Japan violated the Kellogg-Briand Pact, the League of Nation’s agreements, and the Washington Naval Conference Treaties by invading China and annexing parts of it. The League of Nations did condemn Japan • for its Action – Japan responded by quitting the League. • Italy – was taken over by Fascist leader BENITO MUSSOLINI (EL DUCE). In 1935, Italy invaded ETHIOPIA in Africa. The League slapped Italy with such weak sanctions; it was like no sanctions at all. • Germany – ADOLF HITLER AND THE NAZIS • (NATIONAL SOCIALIST GERMAN WORKERS’ • PARTY)came to power in 1933 and promised a • renewed goal of empire to the German people. Hitler • challenged the world by:

6. Denouncing the Versailles Treaty Blaming reparation payments and the Jews for Germany’s economic problems Launching a new military build-up against the Versailles Treaty conditions. 5. For the most part, Americans have always opposed involvement in foreign conflict and after World War I; the country went back to traditional isolation, excluding treaty involvements that were intended to maintain world peace. 6. President Franklin Roosevelt strengthened American’s ‘non-intervention intentions to return to isolation by proclaiming his GOOD NEIGHBOR POLICY. The Policy became more defined when Mexico nationalized America oil companies operating in Mexico and the U.S. responded with minor boycotts.

7. B. AMERICA AND NEUTRALITY 1. With world-aggression rising so steadily and with the failure for the ‘Great War’ to ‘make the world safe for Democracy,’ many Americans believed that opponents to WWI had been right all along. 2. In 1933, a Congressional committee headed by Gerald Nye concluded that the greed of American MUNITIONS MAKERS, BANKERS, AND FINANCIERS was responsible for dragging the country into war. The NYE COMMITTEE REPORT convinced the nation not to let the ‘merchants of death’ lead the country into another war for profits.

8. 3. The Nye Committee’s Report and the rapidly deteriorating international situation provoked Congress to take action. Three NEUTRALITY ACTS (1935 – 1937) were passed to prevent mistakes made prior to World War I. 1st – forbade U.S. banks to LOAN MONEY to nations at war 2nd – President warned U.S. citizens to STAY OFF SHIPS of nations at war 3rd – Prohibited ARMS SALES to nations at war, but approved sell of non-military supplies on a “CASH-AND- CARRY” basis. 4. Roosevelt supported - idea that trade between nations helped prevent war and the U. S. should try to preserve peace in the world. INTERNATIONALISM

9. 5. July 1937, Japanese attacked CHINA. Roosevelt supported China, claiming that war was not declared between China and Japan, so the Neutrality Act did not apply. 6. The Fascist nation’s took U.S. (and Britain’s) ‘lack of interest’ in their acts of aggression as a cue to continue. C. TENSIONS ERUPT 1. July 1937: SINO-JAPANESE WAR BEGINS . That same month, in China Japanese warplanes sank USS PANAY in China 2. Japan invaded China again and killed over 250,000 in the murderous ‘RAPE OF NANKING.’ 3. Germany and Italy supported the Fascist in SPAIN’S CIVIL WAR in 1936. Hitler and Mussolini used Spain’s Civil War to demonstrate their advanced war machines to the rest of the world.

10. Commander Hughes sights approaching planes

12. PICASSO’S painting Guernica illustrated the oncoming horrors of the new war machines.

13. 4. In 1937, FDR addressed the atrocities of Nanking and Guernica by warning Americans of the growing threat from Fascism. He called on the ‘Democratic nations of the world to quarantine those who were creating a state of international anarchy . . .’ The American people and media responded in a storm of protest. To their response Roosevelt said to an advisor, ‘it’s a terrible thing to look over your shoulder when you are trying to lead and there is no one there.’ His quarantine speech failed to move the American people.

14. D. ACTION IN EUROPE 1. Germany in 1936 occupied the RHINELAND, demilitarized area bordering France, in violation of the Treaty of Versailles. Hitler looked to AUSTRIA AND CZECHOSLOVAKIA to provide Germany with food, defensible frontiers and soldiers for Germany. Threatened to invade German-speaking Austria unless AUSTRIAN NAZIS were given important government posts. In March 1938, Hitler sent troops into Austria, and announced the ANSCHLUSS (unification) of Germany and Austria.

15. Hitler announced claims to SUDETENLAND, German-speaking area of Czechoslovakia. NEVILLE CHAMBERLAIN, Britain’s prime minister, met with Hitler in Munich, Germany in September 1938. He signed the MUNICH PACT, agreeing to allow Germany to take the Sudetenland in return for peace. Chamberlain used APPEASEMENT (strategy of keeping peace by giving in to some demands).

17. 3. GREAT BRITAIN AND FRANCE said they would declare war with Germany if Poland went to war with Germany. 4. August 1939: Germany and Soviet Union signed a NON-AGRESSION PACT: agreement not to fight each other, plus agreed to divide the country of Poland. This assured Hitler that if Britain and France would fight with Poland, Germany would only have to fight a one-front war.

18. E. WORLD WAR II BEGINS 1. On September 1, 1939 Hitler unleashed his BLITZKRIEG (Lightening War) against Poland. Britain and France declared war on Germany but let the war come to them, a tactical mistake. The blitzkrieg took out Denmark, Norway, Netherlands, Belgium and targeted France. The fabled ‘Maginot Line’ barely detoured Hitler’s divisions, as the Nazi tanks went through neutral Belgium to take France. 2. Meanwhile, Roosevelt issued a PROCLAMATION OF NEUTRALITY. He further instigated a heated debate in Congress to revise the former Neutrality Acts. The NEUTRALITY ACT OF 1939 provided that a belligerent nation could buy U.S. arms if it used its own ships, paid cash and hauled the armaments away. This policy, known as Cash and Carry became a major crack in the U.S. policy of isolation.

19. 3. With the possibility of a German invasion across the English Channel into Britain, parliament removed the appeaser from the Prime Minister’s office and replaced him with the bulldog WINSTON CHURCHILL. • Churchill defied the intensive German bombing campaigns with his ‘we shall never surrender’ attitude, but as the German campaigns pounded the British cities night after night, Churchill let Roosevelt know that Britain could not hold out • much longer. • The famed British Navy was weakened by German submarines and U.S. ‘Cash and Carry’ policy was becoming ineffective for Britain. Her merchant ships were subject to submarine attacks and she was out of money!

20. To go around the remaining Neutrality conditions Roosevelt put together a scheme to aid Britain. He ‘traded’ them 50 ‘old’ Destroyers in exchange for access to British naval bases in the • Caribbean Sea. This action would also protect American interests since several British Islands dotted the Caribbean; if Britain fell, Germany would take control of the islands and bases – thus • creating a direct threat to the U.S. • The HEMISPHERIC DEFENSE ZONEauthorized the U.S. Navy to patrol the western Atlantic and reveal location of any German submarines • September 11: Following an attack on Americans ship by German submarines, Roosevelt ordered the US Navy to “SHOOT ON SIGHT” any axis vessel, which threatened a ship or convoy under • U. S. protection.

21. First American warship sunk by enemy action in WWII –USS REUBEN JAMES

22. F. The Election of 1940 • Republicans – Wendell Willkie • Democrats – Franklin Roosevelt • Issues: An unprecedented 3rd term and the war in Europe

23. Willkie agreed with Roosevelt on continuing the existing New Deal programs, but accused Roosevelt of being a war monger. His accusations caused Roosevelt to promise voters, “Your boys are not going to be sent into any foreign wars.” • Roosevelt won handily – breaking Washington’s two-term tradition for the first time. • His very next fireside chat to the American people proposed that the U.S. become ‘the great ARSENAL OF DEMOCRACY’ and ‘send every ounce and every ton of munitions and supplies that we can possibly spare to help the defenders who are in the front lines.’ • 4. From the fireside chat, Congress passed the LEND-LEASE ACT giving direct aid to Britain. Roosevelt justified the Lend-Lease Act by saying its purpose was to defend democracy and human rights throughout the world; specifically the FOUR FREEDOMS:

24. Freedom of SPEECH AND EXPRESSION • Freedom of WORSHIP • Freedom from WANT • Freedom from FEAR • Lend-Lease armaments and supplies began to cross the Atlantic in the tune of more than all of the total cost of the New Deal Expenditures.

25. American convoys and protecting warships kept German submarines at bay. The immediate impact of Lend-Lease caused Hitler to change his plans. Knowing that he could not invade England, he broke the HITLER-STALIN NON-AGGRESSION PACT and attacked the Soviet Union.

26. Roosevelt quickly extended the Lend-Lease conditions to the Soviet Union. After all, Soviet Communism was now at war against the Nazis, who were trying to destroy democracy. • In his assessment of the volatile international situation, Roosevelt rapidly adjusted the U.S. to be in its best possible position if dragged into war. • 5. He had Congress pass the SELECTIVE SERVICE ACTto register men of military age for the Draft (conscription). Unlike the Selective Service Act of 1917, the 1940 SSA was initiated before war was declared, thus the nation’s first peace-time draft gave the U.S. a sense of preparedness.

27. 6. Even though the U.S. was not at war yet . . . Roosevelt met with Churchill aboard a ship near Newfoundland to ‘glue’ the Anglo-American alliance. The two leaders issued the document called the ATLANTIC CHARTER(the first of several war conferences). The August 1941 document pledged: • Freedom of the seas for all nations • Free trade for all nations • Self determination for national groups • The U.S. and Britain would not gain territory as a result • of the Charter.

29. Many Americans favored aid to the Allies, while others the • U. S. to remain neutral. • 1. FIGHT FOR FREEDOM COMMITTEEUrged repeal of • all neutrality laws and wanted stronger action against • Germany • 2. COMMITTEE TO DEFEND AMERICAby aiding the • Allies wanted more aid to Allies but no armed • intervention 3. AMERICA FIRST COMMITTEE: opposed any American intervention or aid to Allies; group included Charles Lindbergh

30. G. Even though Hitler occupied Roosevelt’s interest, Germany never attempted to directly provoke the U.S. like it did in WWI with the Zimmermann Note. Japan Did! H. The Japanese High Command planned to attack the U.S. if necessary to pursue their aspirations to rule Asia – including the holding of the white colonial powers (India, Philippines, Island groups, etc.) When the Japanese entered an alliance with Germany and Italy in late 1940 (September 27, 1940: Germany, Italy and Japan signed TRIPARTITE PACT), Roosevelt began to counteract Japan’s imperialistic plans. In July 1940, Congress passed the EXPORT CONTROL ACT, giving In 1941 he announced a TRADE EMBARGO that denied Japan oil, scrap iron andother goods essential for its war machines.

31. Japan was a resource poor country but very populated and technically advanced. • A new military leader in Japan, GENERAL HIDEKI TOJO convinced EMPEROR HIROHITO and other leaders that swift destruction of American Naval bases in the Pacific would leave Japan to follow its destiny. On November 5, 1941, Tojo ordered the Japanese navy to prepare for an attack on United States. • ADMIRAL ISOROKU YAMAMOTO was planner of the attack.

32. I. Roosevelt thought that the embargo of strategic material Act would force Japan to back off of its plans . . . he was wrong. Decoded messages indicated that a Pacific attack was imminent but the military disagreed where. It was likely that the U.S. controlled Philippines was the target.

33. J. November 20, 1941: Japanese peace mission to United States demands that the U.S. 1. UNFREEZE JAPAN’S ASSETS 2. SUPPLY JAPAN’S OIL NEEDS 3. CEASE ALL AID TO CHINA

34. K. __________________________: without any warning or declaration of war, Japanese attack PEARL HARBOR