World War Looms Chapter 16

1. http://www.time.com/time/time100/leaders/profile/hitler.html Hitler Tojo Stalin World War LoomsChapter 16 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hideki_Tojo http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/photo/image-index.htm Mussolini http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler Section 1: Dictators Threaten World Peace Section 2: War in Europe Section 3: The Holocaust (Covered in Chapter 17) Section 4: America Moves Toward War http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito_Mussolini

2. Joseph Stalin and the Soviet Union • Bolshevik Revolution in Nov. 1917 • Civil War in Russia • Communist Soviet Union established in 1922 by V. I. Lenin • Joseph Stalin takes power after Lenin’s death and power struggle in 1924 • Stalin = “ Man of Steel” • Agriculture and Industry Prime Economic Goals in Stalin’s series of 5 Year Plans http://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/photo/image-index.htm

3. Stalin Transforms Soviet Union • USSR changes from backward rural country to industrial power • Abolished all private property and set up collective farms (large government farms worked by hundreds of families) • All industrial activity directed by the government • By 1937, Soviet Union was world’s second largest industrial power

4. Stalin’s Reign of Terror • Stalin carried out purges against anyone who threatened his power. • Very paranoid and even loyal supporters were not safe • Estimated 8 to 13 million deaths carried out • Millions die in famines because of failure of agriculture due to restructuring of society • Totalitarian Dictatorship – government that exerts total power or control over its citizens • Lack of individual rights • Government suppresses opposition • Many sent to Siberia to prison work camps

5. Fascism • Emerges in Italy and Germany in the 1920s • What is Fascism? View the Rise of Fascism and Militarism @http://www.hippocampus.org/US%20History%20II

6. What is Fascism? • Theory of Government used to describe the governments of Italy, Germany, and Spain. • Appeared 1st in Italy • Practiced best in Germany • Definition: • A righteous authoritarian police state • Characterized by extreme nationalism • And complete government control of the economy • Places the wellbeing of the state above the welfare of the individual • Not founded on any ideology except that of the leader • Generally has negative overtones • Anti-Monarchist (King or Queen) • Anti-Clerical (Church) • Anti-Socialist • Anti-Communist • Anti-Democratic • Etc.

7. Fascism in Italy • Why was Italy ripe for a fascist takeover? • Didn’t feel victorious after WWI and didn’t feel they received the promised payoff • Conditions in Italy were bad after the war • Food shortages, rising prices, unemployment, business failures • Strikes over social and land reform • “Red Scare” • How does this compare to the U.S. after WWI?

8. Benito Mussolini • Low class family, son of a blacksmith, victim of child abuse • Bully • Teacher, Political Journalist, Editor • Extreme Nationalist • Joins Army in WWI, but wounded in training • Had many mistresses • Great Orator (Like Hitler) • Nickname: IL Duce (the leader) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito_Mussolini

9. Mussolini & the Fascist Party • 1919 Mussolini and his followers organize the fascist party • Consisted of World War I Veterans • Veterans dissatisfied with the Italian Government • Rose out of the Trenches of WWI • Similar to the Nazi Party • Mussolini • Appealed to Nationalism and Patriotism of Italians • Promised a Better Italy • Took advantage of hard times in Italy (like Hitler)

10. Business Owners, Government Officials, Landowners 2. Army Officers / Nationalist 3. War Veterans 4. Middle Class, University Students, Shopkeepers, Professionals Fear the spread of communism, wanted strong gov’t to end strikes & curb working class political powers Restoring glory and military strength of ancient Rome Failure of current gov’t to help them, like military discipline and organization of the party Fear of growing socialist party and see labor unions and socialism as a threat to private property Mussolini Supporters

11. March on Rome • By 1922 the Fascist Party is very successful in many major Italian cities and has over 300,000 members • Oct. 1922 he plans the March on Rome to make a bid for national power • Mussolini only observes the thousands who march to demand he be made Prime Minister of Italy • Parliament asks the King to call in the Army • Why won’t the King call in the Army? • Because of fear the Army will join the march • Key government officials, the army, and the police side with the fascist and demand that Mussolini be appointed Prime Minister • Italy a Constitutional Monarchy (What does that mean?) • King agrees and Mussolini appears in Rome to be appointed Prime Minister of Italy

12. New Government for Germany • The defeat of Germany in WWI had left Germany in a state of unrest and confusion • Many blame the Weimar Republic • Government established after the abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II • Signed the Armistice Nov. 11, 1918 • Feb. 1919 a Republican Constitution is adopted

13. Weimar Republic Federal State with 4 Levels of Government Separation of Powers • Reichstag (Lower House) *Most Important Body • 4 year term • Direct Elections • Proportional Representation • Universal Suffrage • Reichstrat (Upper House) • President – Ceremonial King • 7 year term • Direct Election • Chancellor – More important leader • Appointed by Reichstag • Works with Reichstag • Head of the Government Compare to U.S. Government

14. Weimar Republic Unpopular • Lack of experience with Democracy • Associate Weimar Republic with • harshness of Treaty of Versailles • Defeat in World War I • Government known as “November Criminals” • Militarists and Nationalist spread rumor that Germany had not been defeated in WWI so the people would reject the treaty and rebuild its army in order to restore Germany’s powerful position in the world See terms of Treaty at http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWversailles.htm

15. Adolf Hitler • Born in 1889 in Braunau, Austria, near the German border • Non-Graduate • Rejected by Art School • Lives off of inheritance and odd jobs painting and selling postcards in Vienna • Avoids Austrian Draft / Joins German Army in WWI • Messenger on the front lines (very dangerous) • Wounded and decorated with “Iron Cross” • In hospital at end of WWI and doesn’t understand why Germany lost • Very bitter about end of war http://www.time.com/time/time100/leaders/profile/hitler.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler See full Biography athttp://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/GERhitler.htm

16. Hitler Gets a New Job • After the war Hitler is assigned to investigate all new political parties • Attends the National Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP) • Joins and within a short time takes control of the Nazi Party (short for NSDAP) • Great Speaker and Organizer

17. Beer Hall Putsch • Nazi Party attempts to overthrow the Bavarian Government (Largest German State) • Hitler is arrested • Sentenced to 5 years in jail of which he only serves 9 months • Writes his famous book Mein Kampf while in jail

18. Mein Kampf“My Struggle” • Hitler discusses his views and ambitions for Germany • Lebensraum “Living Space” • Expansion and territorial advancement • Living Space for the German People including resources and food • Racial superiority of the German People • Germans as the Master Race descended from the Aryan People • Jews, Slavs, and other peoples were inferior and would weaken Germany • Hitler used the Anti-Semitic feelings that already existed in Europe and used it to blame the Jews for all the national problems in Germany • Defeat in WWI • High Unemployment • Spread of Communism • Economic Reform

19. Dead Period for Nazis • 1923-1929 was a dead period for the Nazi Party • Weimar Republic rebounds from economic issues by 1923 • Steep inflation • Inability to pay reparations • Dawes Plan very helpful • War Debt Triangle • Germany admitted to the League of Nations • Fulfillment of Treaty of Versailles Terms

20. Great Depression Has Global Impact • Economic hard times allowed the Nazi Party to regain strength • U.S. cuts loans to other counties, including Germany • Weimar Government struggles • By 1932 the Nazi Party is the strongest party in Germany, however it does not have a majority in the Reichstag

21. Hitler Named Chancellor • Jan. 1933, Hitler is appointed Chancellor of Germany • Influence of Industrialists, Landowners, Bankers, and Politicians who thought they could control Hitler once he was in power • They were WRONG!!!!!!!! • Hitler had learned his lesson after the disaster of the Beer Hall Putsch and had gone after power through legal means.

22. Hitler Takes Total Power • Calls for elections to the Reichstag for March in an attempt to gain the majority of seats in the Reichstag • Feb. 1933 the Reichstag building is burned (One week before election) • Who is blamed? • Communist • Who is arrested? • Dutch Jew • What impact does this have? • Limits Freedom of Speech and the Press • Outlaws the Communist Party

23. Enabling Act Passed • After election the Reichstag passed the Enabling Act • Gives Hitler the power of a dictator • Germany becomes a Totalitarian State • Hitler proclaims the Third Reich = Third Great German Empire • Hitler – “De Führer” = “The Leader”

24. Hitler is a Dictator • Banned all Political Parties except the Nazi Party • Dissolved the Trade Unions • Set up courts for secret trials • Took control of the Army • Set up Concentration Camps for real or imagined enemies of the state • Communist • Homosexuals • Jews • Gypsies • Others

25. Night of the Long Knives • June 30, 1934 • Purge of the SA (Brown Shirts or Stormtroopers ) Sturmabteilung • Hitler’s party enforcers • Had wanted to take control of the Army and had used rough tactics with the Army and business leaders • 1,000 Officers are arrested and many executed including Hitler friend Orst Rohm the leader of the SA • Carried out by the SS – Schutzstaffel (Protective Squad) and the Gestapo (Secret Police)

26. Life in Germany Improves • Life in Germany improves under the Nazi Party for some • Unemployment nearly vanishes by 1938 • Raised workers standard of living • Brought prosperity to German citizens and gained loyalty of German people • Aided business • Public Works Programs • Autobahns System • Secretly building up armaments on a large scale

27. Hitler Uses Propaganda to Influence and Control German Population • Uses all media to spout Nazi Doctrine • Radio, Newspapers, Magazines, Films, Books, Art and Schools • Hitler Youth Group • Burns books that praise Democracy, denounced war, or were by Jewish authors, etc. • History is rewritten according to Nazi views • Science books describe superiority of Aryans • Use Swastika for the Nazi Symbol

28. Joseph Goebbels • Joseph Goebbels – Propaganda Minister • “It’s easier to tell a big lie than a small lie and have it believed.” http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels View biography @ http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/goebbels.html View Propaganda Video http://www.5min.com/Video/The-Power-of-Nazi-Propaganda-516898182

29. Hitler’s Power Over People • Hitler Promised • Full Employment • A Better Economy • A Powerful Position in the World • Over and over Hitler repeated what the people wanted to hear and believe. • Gave the German people an enemy to hate, a cause to fight for, and a leader to obey • He played on the emotions of the people with his speeches and used violence to impress them with the power of the party

30. Spain • Constitutional Monarchy was under attack by many groups within the country since 1898 • Spain remains neutral during WWI • Develops an industrial working class • Workers demand independence and start widespread strike • 100s are killed and wounded • 1923,the King feared a revolution and allowed a military dictatorship to take control • Dismissed the Parliament • Suppressed Freedom of Speech • Censored the Press

31. New Republic Created • By 1930 the military dictator resigns • King restores Constitution and elections are held • Supporters of Republic win and demand King abdicates • New Republic declared

32. New Republic Pass New Laws • 1. Limited the power and privileges of the Catholic Church • Take over its property • Closed church schools • Permitted divorce • 2. Limited the Army by cutting back on the number of officers • 3. Limited the landowners by confiscating large estates and giving the land to needy peasants • 4. Gave workers an 8 hour work day and social insurance

33. Groups React • Reforms caused opposition from the groups they were targeting • Army • Landowners • Catholic Church • Formed a fascist type party known as the Falange (Fuh-lanj) • A Conservative Party

34. Falange Win 1933 Election • Repeal Republic Reforms • Strikes break out among workers • New Party is formed from all Anti-Fascist groups • “Popular Front” • Liberals • Socialist • Communists • Radical Labor Groups • Popular Front Wins 1936 Election

35. Civil War Breaks Out in Spain • Francisco Franco – Head of fascist party • Civil War lasts 3 years • Hundreds of thousands were killed or wounded • Many atrocities were committed by both sides http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/2WWfranco.htm

36. Picasso’s Guernica • “‘Guernica’ was Picasso’s statement on the Spanish civil war when Generalissimo Franco’s army fought bloody battles to wrest control of Spain from the Republican forces. One day in April of 1937, at Guernica in rebellious Northern Spain, hundreds, some say thousands of people were killed when Franco ordered history’s first aerial bombardment of a civilian target.”http://icue.nbcunifiles.com/icue/files/icue/site/pdf/1061.pdf

37. Dress Rehearsal for WWII • Many foreign nations participated in the Spanish Civil War • Germany and Italy aided the Falange • Further the cause of Fascism • Test new equipment • Train troops • Soviet Union aid Popular Front • U.S., Britain, France aide the Popular Front with thousands of volunteers (International Brigade)

38. China and Japan • Japan – has a small area with large mass of population • China – has a large area with a large population http://www.lonelyplanet.com/maps/asia/

39. China • Very backward country • Ruled by Monarchy until early 1900’s • War to overthrow the Monarchy • Loyalist • National Democratic Party • Leader – Sun Yat Sen

40. Nationalist Seek Help • Sun-Yat-Sen asked for support from the Allies from World War I • Only the Soviet Union was willing to help • Kuomintang – Army developed by Sun-Yat-Sen • Kuomintang allowed communist members in order to receive political and military help from Soviet Union

41. Chiang Kai Shek Comes to Power • Sun-Yat-Sen dies in 1925 and his hand picked successor, Chiang Kai Shek takes over the Nationalist • Nationalist defeat the Loyalist

42. Long March • Leader of Communist – Mao ZeDong • Chiang Kai Shek carries out a purge against the Communist within the Kuomintang • Many Communist are killed or driven into hiding • Long March – For 1 year communist fled Nationalist forces, traveling deep into China over 6,000 miles over mountains and through great rivers. Started with 100,000 people and ended with 8,000.

43. Japan • Japan in trouble as a nation in the early 1900’s because • There are more people than food • There is not enough area to live and grow food • They lack natural resources to continue to industrialize • They must expand to survive • Ripe for a militaristic takeover http://www.lonelyplanet.com/maps/asia/japan/

44. Militarists Gain Control in Japan • 1931 Japanese Officers stationed in Manchurian Province of China stage an explosion on a railway line • Japanese use incident to attack the Chinese and takeover Manchuria • Japanese want rich coal and iron ore deposits • Establish “puppet state” known as Manchukuo • Put former Chinese Emperor in power as a puppet of the Japanese http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchukuo

45. The League of Nations Does Nothing • The League took no real action to China’s appeal after investigation • The U.S. issues a warning, but takes no action • Japan withdraws from the League • European leaders take notice

46. A Neutral America • Isolationist attitude – let Europe solve its own problems, stay out of foreign entanglements • Nye Hearings • Chairman Senator Nye of North Dakota (isolationist) • Senate Munitions Investigating Committee formed in 1934 to investigate manufacture and traffic in arms in the U.S. • Conclusion of Committee • U.S. entry in WWI due to pressure from bankers (they wanted Britain and France to be strong enough to pay back loans) • Armament makers push war for potential profit • Poll taken in 1937 said 2/3 of U.S. citizens questioned U.S. involvement in World War I • Set the scene for Neutrality legislation

47. The Neutrality Acts • Designed to keep the U.S. out of problems in Europe and Asia • Neutrality Act of 1935 • Authorized President to withhold passports to travel in war zones • Bans the sale of armaments to countries at war • Six Months test period • Tested with the Invasion of Ethiopia by Italy

48. Neutrality Act of 1936 • Extends the 1st Act • Forbade loans or credits for countries at war • Resolution passed in Jan. 1937 to deal with Spanish Civil War • Forbid export of munitions for use by either of the opposing forces in Spain http://www.hippocampus.org/US%20History%20II

49. Mussolini and Ethiopia • Mussolini wished to expand his territory and turned his attention to Africa • Late 1800’s a treaty of friendship had been signed with the ruler of Ethiopia and Italy thought that give it a “Protectorate” over Ethiopia • War broke out and Ethiopians gained independence • 1930 Haile Selassie become leader of Ethiopia

50. Mussolini Threatens Selassie • Mussolini wanted to avenge the earlier defeat and send troops to the border of Ethiopia • 1935 Italian troops march into Ethiopia • The League of Nations condemns action and passes Economic Sanctions • Sanctions – measures designed to inflict losses, adopted to force compliance for a nations violation of international law • Ineffective because the sanctions did not include oil or coal which Mussolini would need for his military