CH 20- The Atlantic World: 1492-1800

1. CH 20-The Atlantic World: 1492-1800

2. Section 1- Spain Builds an American Empires • Competition for wealth in Asia among European nations was fierce. • This competition prompted a Genoese sea captain named Christopher Columbus to make a daring voyage from Spain in 1492. • Instead of sailing south around Africa and then east, Columbus sailed west across the Atlantic in search of an alternative route to Asia. • Columbus never reached Asia. • Instead, he stepped onto an island in the Caribbean. • That event would bring together the peoples of Europe, Africa, and the Americas.

3. The Voyages of Columbus • Christopher Columbus set sail on August 3, 1492. The three ship on the voyage were the Nina, Pinta, and Santa Maria. • Columbus reached land on October 12, 1492. • He believed he had reached the East Indies. • He called the people he met there, los indios. This translates to Indians. • Columbus believe he had reached Asia, but in fact scholars believe he had landed on an island in the Bahamas in the Caribbean Sea. • Columbus main interest was gold, but he found none. • In early 1493, he sailed back to Spain. His reports delighted the Spanish monarchs and they agreed to finance three more voyages. • The Spanish intended to transform the island of the Caribbean into colonies, or lands that are controlled by another nation.

4. Other Explorers Take to the Seas • In 1500, the Portuguese explorer Pedro Alvares Cabral claimed Brazil for his country. • A year later Amerigo Vespucci, an Italian working for Portugal, travel along the eastern coast of South America. • When he returned to Europe, he claimed that the land was not part of Asia, but a “new” world. • In 1507, a German mapmaker named the new continent “America” in honor of Amerigo Vespucci. • Europeans called these lands the New World, but in fact they had had flourishing civilizations for centuries before the Europeans arrived. • In 1519, Ferdinand Magellan led the boldest expedition yet. He sailed around the tip of South America into the Pacific Ocean. • While sailing across the Pacific, Magellan and his crew reached the Philippines. Magellan was killed in a local war there. • In 1522, 18 men of Magellan’s original crew arrived back in Spain. Nearly three years after they had left. • They were the first people to Sail around the world.

6. Spanish Conquests In Mexico • In 1519, the Spaniard, Hernando Cortes landed in Mexico. • He marched inland looking for lands to claim for Spain. • Cortes and the other Spanish explorers who followed him were known as conquistadors (conquerors). • The Spanish conquerors of the Americas–known as conquistadors–had incredible success due to guns and determination. • The Spanish were the first European settlers in the Americas. • They were lured by rumors of vast wealth and they carved out colonies in the regions that would become Mexico, South America, and the United States. • By 1550, Spain controlled northern Mexico. • Shortly thereafter, Francisco Pizarro took control of the Incan Empire in the Peruvian Andes. • Within 30 years, the western part of Latin America, as Europeans called it, was under Spanish control. • The results of Spanish colonization was increased wealth for their empire and an impact on the culture of North and South America that still exists today.

7. Cortes Conquers the Aztecs • Soon after landing in Mexico, Cortes learned of the wealth of the Aztecs. • The Aztec emperor, Montezuma II, was convinced at first Cortes was a God. • He agreed to give Cortes a share of the empire’s gold, but the Spanish were not satisfied. • Cortes admitted he and his comrades had a “disease of the heart that only gold could cure.” • One Aztec commented that the conquistadors “longed and lusted for gold. Their bodies swelled with greed; they hungered like pigs for that gold.” • In 1520, the Aztecs rebelled against the Spanish. • In 1521, the Spanish conquered the Aztecs. • 3 factors played into the Spanish victory. 1. Superior weapons- guns better than arrows. 2. Spanish had help from neighboring tribes- Aztec’s enemies. 3. Disease- Aztecs had no natural immunity to European disease-smallpox, measles, mumps, typhus, and many others. • In time, European disease would devastate the natives of Mexico, killing millions.

8. Spanish Conquests in Peru • In 1532, Francisco Pizarro marched a small force in South America and conquered the Inca. • The Spaniards ambushed the Incan forces and kidnapped the Incan ruler, Atahualpa. • The Incan ruler offered a huge ransom of gold and silver for his release. • However, after receiving the ransom the Spaniards cut his throat. • Demoralized the Incas retreated. • In 1533, Pizarro marched on the capital, Cuzco, and captured it without a struggle. • By the Middle of the 16th century, Spain had created an American empire. It included New Spain (Mexico and parts of Guatemala), and parts of Central America, South America, and the Caribbean.

9. Spain’s Pattern of Conquest • Spanish settlers to the Americas, peninsulares, were mostly men. As a result, relationships between Spanish settlers and native women were common. • The result was a large mestizo, mixed Spanish and Native American, population. • The Spanish created a system of colonial administration. • Queen Isabella declared that the Native Americans (called Indians after the Spanish word Indios, or “inhabitants of the Indies”) were her subjects. • She gave the Spanish the right, called encomienda, to use the Native Americans as laborers. • The Spanish oppressed the natives and practiced encomienda. • The Spanish were supposed to treat their native laborers fairly and with respect. However, many abused their native workers.

10. The Spanish Impact • The Spanish were supposed to protect Native Americans, but few of them worried about this matter. • Forced labor, starvation, and disease took a huge toll on the Native Americans. • European diseases ravaged the native populations, who lacked immunity to such diseases as smallpox. • Hispaniola had a population of 250,000 when Columbus arrived. By 1538, only 500 Native Americans had survived. • Mexico’s population dropped from 25 million to 1 million. • Catholic missionaries converted and baptized hundreds of thousands of native peoples. • They also brought parishes, schools, and hospitals. • European religion, culture, language, and government replaced the Native American social and political structures.

11. The Portuguese in Brazil • Brazil was the one area in South America that was out of Spanish control. • In 1500, Cabral had claimed Brazil for Portugal. • There was little gold or silver, so colonists began to grow sugar. • The demand for sugar in Europe was great, so the colony enriched Portugal.

12. Spanish Influence Expands • Spain’s American colonies helped make it the richest and most powerful nation in the world during much of the 16th century. • This wealth brought in a golden age of art and culture. • Also, Spain increased its military might.

13. Conquistadors Push North • The Conquistadors also explored the southwestern United States. • In 1513, Juan Ponce de Leon landed in modern-day Florida and claimed it for Spain. • In 1540-41, Francisco Vasquez de Coronado led expeditions throughout much of present-day Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, Oklahoma, and Kansas. • Catholic priests had accompanied conquistadors form the very beginning of American colonization. • The conquistadors searched for wealth, the priests searched for converts.

14. Opposition to Spanish Rule • Spanish priests spread Christianity and pushed for better treatment of native Americans. • Priest spoke out against encomienda. • The Spanish government abolished encomienda in 1542. • Opposition to the Spanish method of colonization came not only from priests but from the natives themselves. • The most note worthy rebellion is that of Pope, a Pueblo ruler, in 1680. He drove the Spanish out of the southwestern U.S. for 12 years.

15. Section 2- European Nations Settle North America Group Activity- PowerPoint or Prezi • The class will be divided into 3 Groups. Group 1- Competing Claims in North America (pg 561-562) Group 2- The English Arrive in North America (pg 562-563) Group 3- The Struggle for North America (pg 563-564) Group 3- Native American Respond (pg 564-565) • Day 1-Research: You and your group will read your group’s assigned section. After reading, your group will discuss what has been read. After discussing, your group will develop a verbal and visual presentation over your group’s section. Note: Be sure to include the main ideas from your group’s section in your group’s verbal and visual presentation. • Day 2-Presentations: You and your group will give your verbal and visual presentations that was developed during Day 1. Everyone in the group must present verbally (Everyone must Talk!). A individual’s failure to present will result in a grade of 0.

16. Group Activity- Technology: PowerPoint or Prezi Rubric • 20 points available for the Group Activity • 10 points: Attendance- -5 points for attendance on Day1 -5 points for attendance on Day2 *NOTE- Students must be present for both days of the Group Activity, or they will have a make-up assignment. • 5 points: Participation- -Students works well with group mates and contributes to the development of the presentation. • 5 points: Presentation- -Students help develop and create the presentation and verbally present.

17. Section 2- European Nations Settle North America • Spain’s successful colonization efforts in the Americas did not go unnoticed. • Other European nations, such as England, France, and the Netherlands, soon became interested in obtaining their own valuable colonies. • The Treaty of Tordesillas, signed in 1494, had divided the newly discovered land between Spain and Portugal. • However, other European countries ignored the treaty and set out to build their own empires in the Americas. • This resulted in a struggle for North America.

18. Competing Claims in North America • Magellan’s voyage showed that ships could reach Asia by way of the Pacific Ocean. • Spain claimed the route along the southern tip of South America. • Other European nations hoped to find an easier and more direct route to the Pacific. • If it existed, a northwest trade route through North America to Asia would become highly profitable. • Not finding the route, the French, English and Dutch instead established colonies in North America.

19. Explorers Establish New France • The early French explorers sailed west with hopes of reaching the East Indies. • One explorer was Giovanni da Verrazzano, and Italian in the service of France. • In 1542, he sailed to North America in search of a sea route to the Pacific. • While he did not find the route, he did discover what is today New York harbor.

20. Cartier • Ten years after Verrazzano, the Frenchman Jacques Cartier reached a gulf off the eastern coast of Canada that led to a broad river, he named the river the St. Lawrence. • He followed it inward until he reached a large island dominated by a mountain. • Cartier named the island Mount Real (Royal), which later became known as Montreal

21. Samuel de Champlain • In 1608, another French explorer, Samuel de Champlain, sailed up the St. Lawrence with about 32 colonists. • They founded Quebec, which became the base of France’s colonial empire in North America, known as New France.

22. Marquette, Joliet, and de La Salle • The French then penetrated the North American continent. • In 1673, Jacques Marquette, and Louis Joliet explored the Great lakes and the upper Mississippi River. • Nearly 10 years later, Sieur de La Salle explored the lower Mississippi River and claimed the entire river valley for France. • He named it Louisiana in honor of the French king, Louis XIV. • By the early 1700s, New France covered much of what is now the Midwestern U.S. and Canada.

23. New France

24. A Trading Empire • France’s North American empire was huge, but was sparsely populated. • By 1760, the European population of New France was only about 65,000. • A large number of the settlers had no desire to raise families or build towns. • These settlers included Catholic priest, who sought to convert the natives, and young, single men that had become engaged in what had become New France's main economic activity, the fur trade. • Unlike the English, the French were less interested in occupying territories than they were in making money off the land.

25. The English Arrive in North America • The explorations of the Spanish and the French inspired the English. • In 1606, a company of London investors received a charter from King James to found a colony in North America. • A colony is a settlement of people living in a new territory, linked with the parent country by trade and governmental control. • In 1607, they reached the coast of Virginia and claimed the land as theirs. • They named the settlement Jamestown in honor of their King.

26. The Settlement at Jamestown • The colony’s start was disastrous because setters were more interested in finding gold than planting crops. • During the first few years 7 out of every 10 people died. • However, despite the nightmarish start, the colonist gained a foothold and made Jamestown England’s first permanent settlement in North America. • The colony's outlook improved greatly after farmers there discovered tobacco. • High demand in England for tobacco turned it into a profitable cash crop.

27. Puritans Create a “New England” • In 1620, a group known as Pilgrims founded a second English colony, Plymouth, in Massachusetts. • These colonists sought religious freedom. • 10 years later, a group known as Puritans also sought religious freedom form England’s Anglican Church. • They established a larger colony at nearby Massachusetts Bay. • The Puritans wanted to build a model community that would set an example for other Christians to follow. • Although the colony experienced early difficulties, it gradually took hold, largely due to the numerous families in the colony, unlike the mostly sing, male population of Jamestown.

28. The Dutch Found New Netherlands • Following the English and the French to North America were the Dutch. • In 1609, Henry Hudson sailed west for the Dutch. • He was looking for a northwest sea route to Asia. • He did not find the route, but did explore three waterways that were later named for him- the Hudson River, Hudson Bay, and Hudson Strait.

29. New Netherland • The Dutch claimed the region along these waterways and established a fur trade with the Iroquois Indians. • They built trading posts along the Hudson River at Fort Orange (now Albany) and on Manhattan Island. • Dutch merchants formed the Dutch West India Company. • In 1621, the Dutch government granted the company permission to colonize the region and expand the fur trade. • The Dutch holdings in North America became known as New Netherland. • New Netherland was slow to attract settlers, so the colony opened its doors to a variety of peoples including Germans, French, Scandinavians, and other Europeans.

30. Colonizing the Caribbean • During the 1600s, Europeans also colonized the Caribbean. • The French seized present-day Haiti, Guadeloupe, and Martinique. • The English settled Barbados and Jamaica. • The Dutch captured the Netherlands Antilles and Aruba from Spain. • On these islands, Europeans built huge cotton and sugar plantations. • These products were labor intensive and enslaved Africans eventually would supply the needed labor.

31. The Struggle for North America • As they expanded their settlements in North America, the French, English, and Dutch battled each other for supremacy.

32. The English Oust the Dutch • To the English, New Netherlands separated their northern and southern colonies. • In 1664, Charles II gave his brother the Duke of York permission to drive out the Dutch. • The Duke of York claimed the colony for England and renamed it New York. • Names like Staten Island and Harlem come from the Dutch. • With the Dutch gone, the English colonized the Atlantic coast of North America. • By 1750, about 1.2 million English settlers live in 13 colonies from Maine to Georgia.

33. England Battles France • The English soon became hungry for more land for their colonial population, so they pushed farther west into the continent. • By doing so, they collided with France’s North American holdings. • As their colonies expanded, France and England began to interfere with each other. • It seemed that a major conflict was on the horizon.

34. The French and Indian War • In 1754 a dispute over land claims in the Ohio River Valley led to a war between the British and French on the North American continent. • The conflict became known as the French and Indian War. • The war became part of a larger conflict known as the Seven Years’ War. • Britain and France, along with their European allies, also battled for supremacy in Europe, the West Indies, and India. • In North America, the British defeated the French in 1763 and the French surrendered their North American holdings. • As a result of the war, the British seized control of the eastern half of North America.

35. Native Americans Respond • As in Mexico and South America, the arrival of Europeans in the present-day U.S. had a great impact on Native Americans. • European colonization brought mostly disaster for the lands’ original inhabitants.

36. A Strained Relationship • French and Dutch settlers developed a mostly cooperative and peaceful relationship with Native Americans. • This was due mainly to the mutual benefits of the fur trade. • However, the same could not be said of the English. • Early relations between the English settlers and Native Americans were cooperative, but they quickly worsened over the issues of land and religion. • Unlike the French and Dutch, the English sought to populate their colonies in North America, which meant pushing natives off their land to accommodate the growing population and to grow tobacco. • Religious differences also heightened tensions because the English settlers considered the Native Americans heathens, people without a faith. • Over time, many Puritans viewed Native Americans as agents of the devil and a threat to their godly society. • The Native Americans developed a similarly harsh view of the European invaders.

37. Settlers and Native Americans Battle • The hostility between the English and Native Americans eventually led to warfare. • As early as 1622, the Powhatan tribe attacked colonial villages around Jamestown and killed about 350 settlers. • During the next few years, the colonist struck back and massacred hundreds of Powhatan.

38. King Philip’s War • One of the bloodiest conflicts between colonists and Native Americans was known as King Philip’s War. • IT began in 1675 when Native American ruler Metacom (also known as King Philip) led an attack on colonial villages throughout Massachusetts. • In the months that followed , both sides massacred hundreds of victims. • After a year of fierce fighting, the colonists defeated the natives.

39. Natives Fall to Disease • More destructive than the Europeans’ weapons were their disease. • The disease devastated the native population in North America. • In 1616, for example, an epidemic of smallpox ravaged the native population along the New England coast. • The population of one tribe, the Massachusett, dropped from 24,000 to 750 by 1631. • From South Carolina to Missouri, nearly whole tribes fell to smallpox, measles, and other diseases. • One of the effects of this loss was a severe shortage of labor in the colonies. • In order to meet their growing labor need, colonists soon turned to another group: Africans, whom they enslaved by the millions.

40. Section 3- The Atlantic Slave Trade • Sugar plantations and tobacco farms required a large supply of workers to make them profitable for their owners. • Plantations are large agricultural estates. • European owners had planned to use Native Americans a a cheap labor source, but millions had died from disease, warfare, and brutal treatment. • Therefore, European owners soon turned to Africa for workers. • This demand for cheap labor resulted in the brutalities of the slave trade.

41. The Causes of African Slavery • Around 1500, European colonists in the Americas needed cheap labor, so they used enslaved Africans. • Slavery had always existed in Africa, but the spread of Islam during the 7th century increased slavery and the slave trade.

42. The Demand for Africans • The first Europeans to explore Africa were the Portuguese in the 1400s. • At first the Portuguese were more interesting in trading for gold than slaves, however that changed with the colonization of the Americas. • Europeans saw advantages in using Africans in the Americas. • First, many Africans had been exposed to European diseases and had some immunity. • Second, many Africans had experience in farming and could work on plantations. • Third, Africans were less likely to escape because they did not know their way around. • Fourth, their skin color made them easy to catch if they did escape and tried to live amongst others. • In time, the buying and selling of Africans to work in the Americas- known as the Atlantic slave trade- became a massive enterprise. • By the time the Atlantic slave trade ended around 1870, Europeans had imported about 9.5 million Africans to the Americas.

43. Spain and Portugal Lead the Way • Spain took an early lead in importing African slaves to the Americas. • By 1650, nearly 300,000 labored in Spanish American colonies. • Portugal soon bypassed the Spanish in importing African slaves to the Americas. • During the 1600s, Brazil dominated the European sugar market. • As the sugar industry grew, so did the demand for cheap labor. • During the 17th century more than 40% of all Africans brought to the Americas went to Brazil.

44. Slavery Spreads Throughout the Americas • As England’s presence in the Americas grew, it came to dominate the Atlantic slave trade. • By the time the slave trade ended, the English had transported 1.7 million slaves to the West Indies. • African slaves were also brought to the present U.S. • Nearly 400,000 African slaves were sold to British North American colonies. • By 1830, roughly 2 million slaves were in the U.S.

45. African Cooperation & Resistance • Many African rulers and merchants were willing to participate in the Atlantic slave trade. • Most European traders waited in ports on the coast for the slaves to be brought to them. • African merchants, with the help of local rulers, captured Africans to be enslaved. • They them exchanged the slaves for European guns, gold, and other goods. • Even though some African rulers took part in the Atlantic slave trade, others did not participate and spoke out against it.

47. The Triangular Trade • African transported to the American were part of a transatlantic network known as the Triangular Trade.

48. The Middle Passage • The voyage that brought captured African slaves to the America was known as the Middle Passage. • It was the middle leg of the transatlantic Triangular Trade. • Sickening cruelty characterized the journey. • Scholars estimate that roughly 20% of the Africans aboard each ship died during the brutal trip.

50. Slavery in the Americas • Africans who survived the Middle Passage face a hard life in the Americas. • Upon arriving in the Americas, slaves were usually auctioned off to the highest bidder. • Slaves lived a grueling existence. • Most of the time, slavery was a lifelong condition and was hereditary.