“We are what we repeatedly do. Excellence, then, is not an act, but a habit.” - Aristotle

1. “We are what we repeatedly do. Excellence, then, is not an act, but a habit.” - Aristotle 1 Copyright – GS Custom CC 2011. This slide show of 68 slides may be copied and distributed freely provided it is done so unaltered and complete.

2. We exist to improve the success of your shooting activity. • We do not make the rules, we observe them and report them to you. • When the conventional does not get the job done, we will seek success in the unconventional. 2

3. Why do hunts fail? Why does one man place first in a competition and another second? 3

4. There are only two reasons… 4

5. Bad Shot Placement • Bullet Failure 5

6. Shot Placement is job number one. 6

7. Shot Placement – Three elements make up the whole • The shooter – Should know the extent of his ability • The firearm – Must be appropriate for the task • The ammunition – New rules can now be applied 7

8. Shot Placement • The shooter – Chooses the components • The firearm – Dictates the choice of components • The ammunition – Is as good as the chosen components 8

9. Fact of Life: Four different brands of brass, loaded with the use of a teaspoon, topped with pulled bullets from the friend at the scrap yard and primed with once fired primers, will not work. 9

10. Uniform, well prepared brass, loaded with a uniform volume of powder, topped with a concentrically made bullet and ignited with a good primer, will always be better. 10

11. Shot Placement • The shooter – Chooses the components • The firearm – Dictates the choice of components • The ammunition – Is as good as the chosen components 11

12. The chamber dictates which brass must be used. The bore of the barrel dictates the diameter of the bullet. The twist rate dictates the length of the bullet 12

13. CIP and SAAMI specifications contain all this data. If a rifle does not measure within these parameters, it is out of specification and cannot be expected to shoot well. 13

14. Shot Placement • The shooter – Chooses the components • The firearm – Dictates the choice of components • The ammunition – Is as good as the chosen components 14

15. At GS Custom we design the right bullet for every application. From our range of more than 270 bullets, we then tell you which one it is, so that you do not have to blow away your hard earned cash to find out which one to use. • Our recommendation is based on: • Bore and groove diameter • Twist rate • Case capacity • Muzzle velocity of the caliber • Freebore • Case neck length • Intended target • Intended range 15

16. Our recommendation allows you to optimise the External Ballistics of your rifle. • Rate of twist • Caliber • Bullet design The • Static Stability • Dynamic Stability • Tractability Determines 16

17. Tractability Static Stability Dynamic Stability These are the factors that determine how well a bullet flies and what it’s attitude is when it arrives at the target. 17

18. Most of this is well known to long distance hunters and extreme range shooters, but is often not regarded as important by those shooting inside 500 meters. As with all specifications, there is some leeway with bullet length and stability but, the closer one stays to the correct numbers, the better the results. 18

19. Navigate the GSC website at http://www.gscustom.co.za The main pages of the site are linked at the top of every page. Eg: Click on Technical Data to go here. --------- Click on HV Bullets to go to the data. Find your caliber in the right hand column and click on the bullet number to go to the bullet data page ---- 19

20. Having chosen the correct components for stable flight, how does GS Custom help you with your shot placement? 20

21. Consider that, to connect with the right spot, you have to: • Correctly estimate the distance • Correctly estimate the wind drift • Hope the animal does not move while the bullet is in flight 21

22. It is therefore required that you: • Know the trajectory of the bullet (this varies with altitude and temperature) • Know the wind direction and speed (which requires great skill and training) • Know the time of flight and allow for it as best you can. 22

23. OR 23

24. Use components that will minimise all of these elements. Test your limitations on the range and hunt accordingly. 24

25. Trajectory, wind drift and time of flight are governed by two characteristics of the bullet: Ballistic coefficient Speed 25

26. GS Custom HV bullets consistently give you the highest BC values and more speed than what is possible with any other brand. 26

27. What does this mean in practice? If the bullet can withstand the impact speed, higher speed will always improve performance. 27

28. What does this mean in practice? Trajectory 28

29. What does this mean in practice? Wind Drift 29

30. What does this mean in practice? Time of Flight If you think slow bullets are OK, consider this. An antelope that spooks and takes off at the instant you break the shot, will be going at 10km/h almost instantly. That is 277cm/sec. It will move 80mm (3.15”) in the time it takes the bullet to cover 200m. 30

31. What does this mean in practice? Time of Flight

32. What does this mean in practice? Momentum and Energy A light, fast bullet, with the same momentum as a heavier, slower bullet, will penetrate to the same depth, if both are similarly constructed. If momentum is the same, the faster bullet will have more kinetic energy. Kinetic energy and wound channel volume are tied together. If the choice is between two bullets that will go to the same depth but one will result in a larger wound channel volume, there is no contest. Momentum = Speed x Weight Kinetic Energy = Weight/2 x Speed Squared This is not rocket science – It is just logic. 32

33. Precisely made for consistent, repeatable results . All bullets are manufactured to within 0.005mm (0.0002”) of specification and within 0.25% of the stated weight. Always. Do your load development only once. No more last minute hassles and expense because the next batch is not the same as the previous. 33

34. Simply put, with GS Custom HV and FN bullets, less luck is needed. 34

35. We will consistently improve your shot placement compared to old technology bullets. Luck is packed into the box at the factory. 35

36. Reason #2 Bullet Failure 36

37. This section on bullet failure is in the context of • hunting of game for venison or trophy. Varminting and sport shooting have different requirements. • Bullet failure occurs when: • An expanding bullet: • Fails to expand at all • Deviates significantly from the original bullet path • Expands to the point of complete fragmentation • A solid bullet: • Fails to penetrate deep enough • Deviates significantly from the original bullet path • Bends or breaks 37

38. In the past many reloaders went to the trouble and expense of developing two loads: One to accommodate the hunting of game in bush and the other for the hunting of plains game at longer ranges. 38

39. With lead core bullets, the high impact speeds of close hunting, is too destructive of the bullet to give consistent results. For bush hunting, where distances are short, it is therefore better to use heavy for caliber bullets, at lower speeds, to prevent bullet failure. 39

40. The lower impact speeds of longer range plains game hunting, allows the use of lighter, faster bullets for flatter trajectories and good terminal performance. With lead core bullets, this convention of using slow, heavy bullets for bush and lighter, faster bullets for plains game has become the accepted way. 40

41. This is now a thing of the past. 41

42. Bullet Construction Twist Rate 42

43. Bullet construction: HV and HP impact characteristics 1000fps to approximately 2600fps. 43

44. Bullet construction: HV and HP impact characteristics approximately 2600fps to 4000fps. 44

45. Bullet construction: HV and HP impact process. It is not uncommon to find petals at the same distance into the animal as the bullet shaft. In the tests illustrated here, petals were found at the same depth as the bullet shaft. Wound channel shape and volume is dependent on bullet shape and speed.

46. Bullet construction: Solid bullet impact characteristics. 1. All solids deform. 2. When a solid deforms in such a way that it loses the characteristics that allow linear, deep penetration, the solid fails. 3. When a solid is not designed to deform in a controlled manner, to retain the qualities that allow linear, deep expansion, it fails. Bending And Tumbling Structural failure Breaking

47. Bullet construction: FN impact characteristics. GSC FN solids are made from copper which is tougher than lead cores, softer than brass, more ductile and more malleable.

48. Bullet construction: FN impact characteristics. GSC FN solids are made from copper which is tougher than lead cores, softer than brass, more ductile and more malleable. GSC FN solids, recovered from elephant, shows moderate deformation but no breakage or bending that is severe enough to influence linear penetration.

49. Bullet construction: FN impact characteristics. GSC FN solids are made from copper which is tougher than lead cores, softer than brass, more ductile and more malleable. GSC FN solids, recovered from elephant, shows moderate deformation but no breakage or bending that is severe enough to influence linear penetration. Under the most severe impact stress, where lead core and brass solids fail, GSC FN solids retain full weight. Shoulder and dart stabilisation is increased by the designed deformation of the meplat. The FN at right broke the femur of a six ton bull elephant and continued to penetrate, in a straight line, for another 75cm.

50. These GSC FN Solids were manufactured 12 years apart. They were subjected to impact stresses that would normally spell failure for lead core and brass bullets. They deformed in the manner predicted by design and retained the properties required for linear penetration, instead of failing. Rock solid reliability.