Chapter 5 Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

1. Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Chapter 5 Chapter 5Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Why It’s Important Every cell in your body needs ___________ to function. This energy is acquired through photosynthesis and cellular respiration energy

2. Chapter 5 Section 1 andSection 2 Objectives • Analyzethe flow of energy through living systems. (5.1) • Comparethe metabolism of autotrophs with that of heterotrophs. (5.1) • Describethe role of ATP in metabolism. (5.1) • Describe the experiments that led to an understanding of photosynthesis (5.2) • Summarizehow energy is captured from sunlightin the first stage of photosynthesis. (5.2)

3. Section 5.1 Photosynthesis Autotroph Heterotroph Cellular respiration Section 5.2 Pigment Chlorophyll Carotenoid Thylakoid Granum / grana stroma New Vocabulary

4. Vocabulary Review • What is metabolism? All of an organism’s chemical reactions

5. Chapter 5 Section 1 Energy and Living Things Energy in Living Systems sun • Directly or indirectly, almost all of the energy in living systems needed for metabolism comes from the ____________

6. Chapter 5 Section 1 Energy and Living Things building breaking • Metabolism involves either __________ molecules or ____________ down molecules in which energy is stored. • Photosynthesis is the process by which ___________ energy is converted to _____________ energy • This chemical energy is stored in the organic compound _____________, which is a plant’s _______ • Often, plants convert glucose to ___________, which can be stored in ________ and ________ for later use • Organisms that carry out photosynthesis are called ___________________ light chemical glucose food starch stems roots autotrophs

7. Equation for Photosynthesis • What are the reactants? • What are the products? • Which substance acts a catalyst? Light Energy 6CO2 + 6H20 ------------------- > C6H1206 + 6O2 Carbon dioxide Water Glucose Oxygen Carbon dioxide and water Glucose and oxygen Light energy

8. By studying plant growth • How did we learn about photosynthesis? • The work of three major scientists has led to our understanding of photosynthesis • ____________________ • ____________________ • ____________________ Jan van Helmont Joseph Priestley Jan Ingenhousz

9. 17th Jan van Helmont • ______ century Dutch physician • devised an experiment to find out where the _______ of a growing tree comes from • Carefully found the mass of a pot of dry ______ and a small ___________ • Planted the seedling in the pot of soil • Took care of it and _________ it for five years. mass soil seedling watered

10. Van Helmont’s Result • At the end of five years, the seedling had grown into a small tree • The tree gained a mass of about 75 kg, while the mass of the soil was almost unchanged • Conclusion? • The mass of a tree comes from ________ because it was the only thing he added to the soil water

11. Joseph Priestley • English scientist • conducted an experiment nearly _______ years after Van Helmont • Placed a glass jar over a burning candle • Watched as the flame gradually ______ out and concluded that something in the air was needed for the candle to continue burning 100 died

12. plant • Priestley ran the experiment again with a small __________ in the container • After a few days, Priestley attempted to relight the candle with a burning ___________. • It _______________! • Conclusion? • Plants produce _____________, which allowed the candle to burn glass relit oxygen

13. mice • Priestley did similar experiments with plants and ________…he discovered that oxygen is also necessary to sustain animal life • Do not try this at home! • While unintentionally cruel, this discovery was very important! • Previously, scientists believed that “air” was an element and did not know that it contained ______________ gases separate

14. Jan Ingenhousz • Dutch scientist • conducted Priestley’s experiment in the presence and absence of ______________ • Observed similar results only in the presence of ________________ • Conclusion? • ____________ is necessary for plants to produce oxygen light light light Ingenhousz (light house)

15. The work of Van Helmont, Priestley, and Ingenhousz constructed part of the chemical equation for photosynthesis • What reactant(s) was/were contributing to the carbon and oxygen and in glucose? Light Energy ____ + H20 ------------------- > C6H1206 + O2

16. markers oxygen • In the 1950s, scientists placed radioactive _______, or tags on the ____________ in CO2 and H20 to track their reactions during photosynthesis • Result • The oxygen in CO2 was incorporated into _________________ and the oxygen in H20 was released as a ______ glucose gas Light Energy CO2 + H20 ------------------- > C6H12O6+ O2

17. Chapter 5 Section 1 Energy and Living Things consume • The chemical energy in organic compounds can be transferred to other organic compounds or to organisms that _______________ food. • Organisms that must get energy by consuming other organisms are called ____________________ • Examples… • Rabbits consume ____________ • A fox consumes _____________ heterotrophs grass rabbits

18. break used • Both plants and animals need a way to ___________ down their food so that it can be _______ to carry out cellular activities • Organisms do so in a process called _____________ _______________ • This process converts the chemical energy stored in glucose or starch into a _____________ form of energy called _________ cellular respiration usable ATP

19. Cellular Respiration Equation • What are the reactants? • What are the products? • Which substance acts as a catalyst? enzymes C6H12O6 + 6O2 ------------------- > 6C02 + 6H2O + energy glucose oxygen carbon dioxide water ATP glucose and oxygen Carbon dioxide, water, and ATP enzymes

20. Cellular Respiration Equation • How are the equations for cellular respiration and oxygen related? enzymes C6H12O6 + 6O2 ------------------- > 6C02 + 6H2O + energy glucose oxygen carbon dioxide water ATP photosynthesis The reactants and products are reversed

21. O2 plant animal CO2

22. Section 1 Energy and Living Things Chapter 5 Transfer of Energy to ATP • When cells break down food molecules, some of the energy in the molecules is released as _______, while the remaining energy is stored in ATP. • Like money, ATP is a portable form of energy __________ inside cells • It delivers energy wherever energy is needed in a cell heat “currency”

23. Chapter 5 Section 1 Energy and Living Things Breakdown of Starch

24. Chapter 5 Section 1 Energy and Living Things ATP adenosine • ATP, which stands for ______________ ________________, is actually a ___________with __________ extra energy-storing phosphate groups. • What are the three basic parts of a nucleotide? triphosphate nucleotide two Phosphate group Sugar Nitrogenous base

25. sugar • So ATP is made up of a…. • ________________ • ________________ • ______ phosphate groups Nitrogenous base 3

26. Chapter 5 Section 1 Energy and Living Things In the bonds between the phosphates • Where is energy stored in ATP? • Energy is released when the bonds that hold the phosphate groups together are _____________ • The removal of a phosphate group from ATP produces ADP, which stands for ______________ __________________ H2O + ATP  ADP + P + energy broken adenosine diphosphate

27. Chapter 5 Section 1 Energy and Living Things ATP Releases Energy

28. Chapter 5 Section 2 Photosynthesis Photosynthesis occurs in three stages • Stage 1 Energy is _____________ from sunlight. • Stage 2 Light energy is converted to chemical energy, which is temporarily stored in _____ and the electron carrier molecule ________. • Stage 3 The chemical energy stored in ATP and NADPH powers the formation of _________ ___________, using ____. captured ATP NADPH organic CO2 compounds

29. Chapter 5 Section 2 Photosynthesis chloroplast These stages occur in different parts of the _________________ Each green stack inside the chloroplast is called a _______ The grana are made up of individual _____________ which have their own membranes called ______________ membranes granum thylakoids thylakoid granum

30. Chapter 5 Section 2 Photosynthesis Photosynthesis Stages 1 & 2 occur in the ___________ ______________, while stage 3 occurs outside of the grana in the space called the ___________ thylakoid membrane stroma

31. Chapter 5 Section 2 Photosynthesis Stage One: Capture of Light Energy • Sunlight contains a mixture of all the _______________ (colors) of visible light • When sunlight passes through a _________, the prism separates the light into different colors. wavelengths prism

32. Chapter 5 Section 2 Photosynthesis • According to increasing frequency, the wavelengths are… • Red • Orange • Yellow • Green • Blue • Indigo • Violet • Hint… • _______________ Increasing frequency (energy) ROYGBIV

33. reflected • Wavelengths that are seen are ________________ • Think of mirror…what is the image called that you see? • Wavelengths that are not seen are ______________ • Leaves contain light-absorbing substances called ______________________ • Chlorophyll ____ • Chlorophyll ____ • __________________ reflection absorbed pigments a b carotenoids

34. Chapter 5 Section 2 Photosynthesis • What colors do chlorophyll b and a absorb? Violet, blue, orange and red

35. Chapter 5 Section 2 Photosynthesis • So chlorophyll reflects… Green and yellow

36. Chapter 5 Section 2 Photosynthesis • What colors do carotenoids reflect that chlorophyll does not? orange and red….fall colors

37. Chapter 5 Section 2 Photosynthesis thylakoid • These pigments are embedded in the _____________ membrane which surround the _________ • When light strikes the membrane,energy is transferred to _____________ in chlorophyll molecules • This energy transfer causes the electrons to jump to a _________ energy level. grana electrons higher

38. When electrons are at the lowest energy level they are at the _________ state • When they absorb energy, they become ___________ and move to __________ energy levels • Plants first ____________ the sun’s energy when electrons in their chlorophyll molecules absorb its wavelengths ground excited higher capture

39. down • Excited electrons eventually move back _______ to the ground state • As they do, they release their absorbed ________ energy

40. Question 1 • What molecule that contains chemical energy is produced in photosynthesis? A. O2 B. CO2 C. C6H12O6 D. H20

41. Question 2 • What is the difference between autotrophs and heterotrophs? Autotrophs – make their own food Heterotrophs – must consume food

42. Question 3 • Which scientist determined that the process of photosynthesis requires light? A. Jan van Helmont B. Joseph Priestley C. Jan Ingenhousz

43. Question 4 • An ATP molecule is a nucleotide with two more… A. Nitrogenous bases B. Phosphate groups C. Sugars D. Glycerol molecules

44. Question 5 • Do chlorophyll molecules reflect or absorb green light? reflect

45. Question 6 • In order of increasing frequency, what do the first letter of each color in visible light spell? ROYGBIV