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Chapter 5 Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

Chapter 5 Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration. Section 5-1. Directly/indirectly, almost all energy in LTs needed for metabolism comes from the sun. Section 5-1. Building Molecules that Store Energy: Photosynthesis : process by which light energy is converted to chemical energy.

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Chapter 5 Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

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  1. Chapter 5 Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

  2. Section 5-1 • Directly/indirectly, almost all energy in LTs needed for metabolism comes from the sun.

  3. Section 5-1 • Building Molecules that Store Energy: • Photosynthesis: process by which light energy is converted to chemical energy. • Autotrophs: • Organisms that use energy from sunlight or from chemical bonds in inorganic substances to make organic compounds; plants, bacteria

  4. Section 5-1 • Heterotrophs: • Organisms that must get energy from food instead of from sunlight/inorganic substances • Cellular respiration: • Metabolic process in which consumed food energy is converted to ATP energy Most fungi Most bacteria Most protozoa All animals

  5. Section 5-1 • Transfer of Energy to ATP: • When cells break down food molecules, some energy is released as heat. Most remaining energy is stored in ATP • Like money, ATP is a portable form of energy “currency” in cells and is delivered wherever it is needed in the cell ATP ATP

  6. Section 5-1 • ATP (adenosine triphosphate): • nucleotide w/ 2 extra energy-storing phosphate groups • Energy is released when bonds holding phosphate groups together are broken • Removal of phosphate group from ATP produces adenosine diphosphate, ADP

  7. Section 5-2 • Stages of Photosynthesis: • Stage 1 Energy captured from sunlight • Stage 2 Light energy converted to ATP and energy carrier NADPH • Stage 3 Using CO2 and energy stored in ATP and NADPH powers the formation of organic compounds • 6CO2 +6H2O C6H12O6 +6O2

  8. Section 5-2 • Stage 1: Capture Light Energy/O2 released • Pigments: • Contain light-absorbing substances • Chlorophyll: • Main pigment involved in photosynthesis, absorbs mostly blue/red light, reflects green/yellow light • Plants contain 2 types of chlorophyll, chlorophylla and b • more…

  9. Section 5-2 • Carotenoids: • Pigments that produce yellow/orange fall leaf colors, fruits, vegetables, flowers • Carotenoids absorb different wavelengths from chlorophyll, so having both pigments enables plants to absorb more light energy during photosynthesis • more…

  10. Section 5-2 • Stage 1: Capture Light Energy/O2 released • Thylakoids: • Clusters of pigments embedded in mem of disk-shaped structures • Light strikes thylakoid, energy is transferred to e- in chlorophyll • Causes e- to jump to higher energy level • e- are replaced by splitting water and O2 is released

  11. Section 5-2 • Stage 2: Convert Light Energy to ATP/NADPH • Excited e- leave chlorophyll to make ATP/NADPH that temporarily store energy • 1st excited e- jumps to nearby molecule in thylakoid membrane; e- is passed through series of molecules along thylakoid membrane, electron transport chain (ETC) and ATP/NADPH are made

  12. Section 5-2 • Stage 3: Store Energy in Organic Compounds • Carbon dioxide fixation: • C atoms from atmospheric CO2 are used to store chemical energy in organic compounds • Calvin cycle: • series of enzyme-assisted rxn produces organic compounds

  13. Section 5-2 • Factors that Affect Photosynthesis: • Photosynthesis ↑ as light intensity ↑ until all pigments are being used • Photosynthesis is most efficient w/in certain temperature range

  14. Section 5-3 • O2 makes production of ATP more efficient, although some ATP is made w/o O2 • Aerobic: • Metabolic processes that need O2 • Anaerobic: • Metabolic processes that don’t need O2

  15. Section 5-3 • 2 Stages of Cellular Respiration: • Stage 1: • Glucose converted to pyruvate, makes small amt of ATP/NADH • Stage 2: • O2 present, pyruvate/NADH used to make large amt of ATP via ETC • O2 not present, pyruvate converted to either lactate or ethanol/CO2

  16. Section 5-3 • Stage 1: Breakdown of Glucose/Glycolysis • Glycolysis: • 1st stage of cellular respiration, glucose is broken down in cytoplasm • As glucose is broken down, some of its H atoms are transferred to an e- acceptor called NAD+ to form an e- carrier NADH • Some ATP, NADH, 2 pyruvates result

  17. Section 5-3 • Stage 2: Production of ATP • O2 is present, pyruvate enters mitochondria and is converted to 2-C compd • This rxn produces 1 CO2 molecule, 1 NADH molecule, and 1, 2-C acetyl group • Acetyl group is attached to coenzyme A (CoA), forming acetyl-CoA that enters the Krebs Cycle • more…

  18. Section 5-3 Stage 2: Production of ATP via Krebs Cycle Krebs cycle: series of rxns in the mitochondria where 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, and 2 ATP are made more…

  19. Section 5-3 • Stage 2: Production of ATP via ETC • In aerobic respiration, e- donated by NADH and FADH2 pass through ETC • In eukaryotic cells, ETC is located in inner membranes of mitochondria • At end of ETC, H+ ions and e- combine w/ O molecules forming H2O • 34ATP made • via ETC

  20. Section 5-3 • Respiration w/o Oxygen is Fermentation • When O2is present, aerobic respiration occurs to produce ATP • When O2isn’t present, fermentation occurs producing lactic acid in animals or in plants alcohol/CO2

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