Detection of Deception

1. Detection of Deception

2. “I wish it could be this easy!”

3. The Process of Detecting Deception • 1. Determine the NORM for truthful responses • -Rapport Building allows for observable behavior of normal • verbal and non-verbal responses. • -Ask Open-ended questions to help ascertain the NORMS • and gather information.* • -Observe verbal and non-verbal responses to questions. • Detecting Deviations from the NORM • -Ask “Critical” questions (i.e. “Where were you at the time…?). • -Ask indicator questions (i.e. “Is there any reason…?). • -Observe verbal and non-verbal deviations from the NORM. • Do not determine the individual is deceptive based upon • one act (i.e. the hand going to the face). Look for clusters.

4. “Indicator Questions” • Why do you think someone might have done this? • Do you know why I want to talk to you? • Who do you think might have done this? • What kind of person would do this? • What should happen to the person when caught? • Did this really happen? (just as you've said) • Why would someone accuse you of this crime? • Can you explain...? (false but credible evidence) • Did you ever consider doing...? (whatever crime was) • If someone said that they saw you (at the crime scene), would there be any explanation for that? • Can you think of any circumstances under which the person who did this should be given a second chance?

5. FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLE: Lying requires the deceiver to keep facts straight, make the story believable and withstand scrutiny. • Truthful - convey, make you understand • Deceptive - convince, manage your perceptions • Ways to lie: • 1. OMISSION- Most frequently used. “They just leave the lie out!” • 2. Commission- Telling a direct lie. Deception

6. Office Deception

7. Guidelines for Detecting Deception Rule #1:Lies may be detectable via nonverbal clues if the liar experiences fear, guilt,excitement, or when the lie is difficult (complex) to fabricate.

8. “Fight or Flight” • Adrenaline and sugar are released into the bloodstream • Pulse and respiration increase • Increased perspiration • Pupils dilate • Salivary gland shut down (dry mouth) • Digestion ceases

9. Guidelines for Detecting Deception (cont.) Rule #2:Attention should be directed to deviations from a person’s normal patterns of behavior.

10. Guidelines for Detecting Deception (cont.) Rule #3:Pay attention to mismatches between verbal content and non-verbal behavior and try to explain the mismatch (i.e. a denial of guilt without emotion).

11. TIMING: Wait 3-5 seconds after he answers your question and watch for indicators of stress • QUESTION • WAIT 3-5 seconds • WATCH (Observe non-verbal behavior • then listen to the verbal responses that • follow) Detecting Deception

12. DECEPTIVE NON-VERBAL BEHAVIOR Things to look for especially after asking critical or indicator questions: Gross Body Movements -Shifting of torso during critical questions. -Movement of chair away from the investigator. -Standing and/or attempting to leave. Grooming Gestures -Adjusting clothing, zippers, ties. -Lint picking, thread pulling, dusting the sleeves. -Fingernail inspection.

13. SPECIFIC BEHAVIOR SYMPTOMS WHICH INDICATE STRESS AND POTENTIALLY DECEPTION: • Rubbing/wringing hands • Scratching, stroking, picking, pinching • Pulling on nose, ears, hair, clothing • Licking lips, swallowing • Clearing throat, coughing • Sighs, yawns • Chewing lip, nails, gum • Wiping perspiration • Crying • Smoking

14. Average frequency it appeared in liars per interview Condition or Gesture Behavioral Clues Hand to Head.................................................. 12 Vagueness........................................................ 10 Grooming........................................................ 8 Interrupts......................................................... 6 Looks at Watch............................................... 6 Hesitation........................................................ 5 Poor Eye Contact............................................ 5 Dry Mouth....................................................... 4 Cross Arms...................................................... 3 Feet Under Chair............................................ 3 Cross Legs........................................................ 2 Tapping Finger................................................. 2

15. Detecting Deception • CLUSTERS: Look for two or more individual clues (gestures) that occur simultaneously

16. Guidelines for Detecting Deception (cont.) Rule #4:A person suspected of deception should be encouraged to keep talking. The more he or she talks, the more likely that there will be “leakage” (inconsistencies).

17. DUI Stop

18. Write four statements • Each statement should concern a fact about you that is unique or extraordinary • Three statements will be truthful, one will be false • Insert the false statement anywhere in the lineup

19. 1. Through the years, I have met Presidents Ford and Carter, and provided security for President George H.W. Bush. 2. Before becoming an FBI Agent, I was a Special Agent with the Naval Criminal Investigative Service. 3. I once played professional softball in South Carolina and had a batting average of approximately .390. 4. As a sniper I was able to make head shots on moving targets up to 300 yards.

20. In 1985, I met Presidents Ford and Carter at a foreign relations summit at Emory University. In 1998, I provided protection for President George H.W. Bush.

21. Before becoming an FBI agent, I was a Special Agent with NCIS (1989-1996).

22. As an FBI sniper I trained out to distances of 1,000 yards. I was able to make head shots on moving targets at 300 yards.

23. I once played professional softball in South Carolina and had a batting average of approximately .390.

24. Equivocation • “Lack of conviction is a modifying or equivocating term. Such terms allow the speaker to evade the risk of commitment. The speaker is undermining his/her own assertion, which may indicate some difficulty with committing to what is being said” • Don Rabon, Investigative Discourse Analysis (Durham, NC: Carolina Academis Press, 1994), 20.

25. Words or phrases which indicate Equivocation “kind of” “Sort of” “I think” “ I believe” “to the best of my knowledge” “I believe there is a good possibility I’ll clear my name.” -Floyd Landis, 2006 Tour Winner. Later suspended for drug use.

26. “I guess” “maybe” “basically” “ I may have” “ I assume” “I don’t recall” “I don’t believe so, unless we were walking back to the dining room with the pizzas. I just, I don’t remember. I don’t believe we were alone in the hallway, no.” –Pres. Bill Clinton. When asked under oath during his impeachment trial if he and Monica Lewinsky were ever alone in the hallway between Oval Office and the kitchen area. Equivocation

27. “around” “somewhat” “something” “probably” “to the best of my recollection” “…it’s possible that I did, but I don’t remember it.” –Pres. Bill Clinton. When asked if he had ever given a gift to anyone other than a member of his family, while under oath during his impeachment trial. Equivocation

28. “I don’t think so.” Second reply when asked again, “Well, as much as I can remember, I don’t think that I did.” –Richard Allen Davis, when asked by Det. Mike Meese, Petaluma Police Dept., if raped or attempted to rape Polly Klaas. Equivocation Truth or Deception ?

29. Analyzing Adverbs 1. Intensifying Adverbs: truthfully, really, honestly. Generally indicate the person is trying to Convince rather than Convey information. Ex: Did you take the money? “I really, honestly can’t remember that.”

30. Analyzing Adverbs 2. Minimizing Adverbs: Just, Only, Simply, Merely. Are used to minimize or downplay action. Ask yourself, “Is this in reference to time or is he minimizing his actions?” Ex: Were you ever alone with her? “I was only in the house for just few minutes

31. Text Bridges The liar will convey the truth up to the event he wants to conceal. He will then use a “text bridge” to cross over the activity he wants to hide. Navarro & Shafer, 2003

32. Common Text Bridges “after that” “and it came to pass” “the next thing I knew” “while…” “later on” “even though…” “afterwards” “then…” “shortly thereafter” “besides” “consequently…” “finally…” “however…” “before…” “next” “and then” Use of a text bridge suggests the writer has or is about to omit information.