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Rome

Rome. Republic to Empire 509 BCE - 568 CE. Roman Society provided us with:. 1.  Our concept of law 2.  Our concept of Justice 3.  Modified our concept of citizenship 4.  Our system of government 5.  A large part of our world view

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Rome

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  1. Rome Republic to Empire 509 BCE - 568 CE

  2. Roman Society provided us with: • 1.  Our concept of law • 2.  Our concept of Justice • 3.  Modified our concept of citizenship • 4.  Our system of government • 5.  A large part of our world view • 6.  An empire whose political, military, and social structure directly influenced the middle ages

  3. Rome: Timeline

  4. Pre-Roman Italy

  5. Romulus & Remus Myth Local king’s daughter raped by Mars Aeneas & Troy as ancestor of Romulus’ mother Romans thus link selves to Greece Forum meeting place of several allied villages established on Capitoline Hill Strategic location ford of the Tiber trade defense Rome’s Origins

  6. About 1000 BCE • Italic speaking people migrated into Italian peninsula         1.  Unclear where they came from         2.  Included ancestors of the Romans

  7. Early Society & Religion • Family basic unit • pater familias absolute • Reverence for practicality & simplicity • Religious practices • Animistic Religion • Multiple gods (numina) • Shares many state gods with Etruscans • Complex rites that must be completed perfectly Relief of Mother Earth on theAra Pacis (13-9 BC)

  8. Monarchy 753-509 BCE imperium conferred for life by popular vote advice given by senate Patricians Senator class Plebeians commoners Republic 509-133 BCE: Conservatism res publica: commonwealth 2 consuls given imperium for 1 year dictator: 6-month substitute for consuls Senate still gives important advice, but no legal role Roman Monarchy & Republic

  9. Struggle of the Orders 509-367 BCE • Plebeian struggle for equality • Patricians gradually allowed equality, but only by grudging steps • Thus no tyrants in Roman history • Concilium Plebis: organization of plebeians lead by Tribunes able to pass plebiscites • Gained by threats to leave Rome, role in Roman army • VETO of Tribunes in Senate

  10. Early Republic & the World • Latin League @509 BCE • 390 BCE Celtic conquest • spurs military reforms • Rome vows to never be conquered again • Break-up & conquest of the Latin League 338 BCE • 290-270 BCE conquest of Southern Italy • Pyrrhus of Epirus (Pyrrhic Victory) • Fair treatment of conquered, No tribute, self-government,establish colonies, extend citizenship

  11. Ultimate Success of Plebeians • Law of the Twelve Tables: 450 BCE • Consular interpretation of law favored Patrician class • Plebeians demand the law be public • 367 BCE - One Consulship goes to Plebeians • 287 BCE - Full Equality • Concilium Plebis /Tribal Assembly recognized • Plebiscites binding on all Romans, incl. Patricians • Plebeians join Patricians in Senate. Senate allowed to run the show.

  12. Punic Wars 264 - 201 BCE • 1st Punic War over Sicily 264-241 BC • Trade war with Carthage • 2nd Punic War 218-201 BC • Begun at Saguntum in Spain • Hannibal terrorized Rome • Scipio defeats Carthage in 204 BCE

  13. The Roman World

  14. Problems with the Army and Popular Government • The problem of returning veterans & Land reform

  15. Tiberius Gracchus: 133 BCE • Responding to graffiti • asking for representation • asking for land reform • Latifundia grow as Roman army is away in North Africa • Labor problems • High slave populations

  16. Gaius Gracchus • Continuing Agitation • Further expansion of citizenship • Murder of Gaius

  17. Natural Law • Rome's growing empire required creation of law applicable to all situations & cultures without cultural or political assumptions. • Begun early with “Law of the 12 Tables” • Polybius on Roman Government • What does Polybius think is good about Roman government? • Cicero on Natural Law • What is the source of law? • Why is Cicero’s view new & important?

  18. End of the Roman Constitution • After the Gracchi • Dictators • Sulla, Marius, & the end of the Roman Constitution • Julius Caesar (assassinated in 44 BCE by restorationsists) • The Third Triumvirate • Octavian & Marcus Antoninus • 27 BCE the First Roman Emperor • “Imperator”, “Princeps”, “Augustus”

  19. 1st Triumvirate & the entry of Caesar • Caesar Crosses the Rubicon - 49 BCE • 1st Dictator/Consul 46 BCE • Assassinated 44 BCE by Republican Senators

  20. Growing Empire

  21. 44 - 31 BC - Mark Antony vs. Octavian Power base in East & Cleopatra

  22. Octavian • 18 years old at Caesar's death • Caesar's nephew & heir • Power base in West

  23. The Battle of Actium • 31 BCE Octavian wins control of all Roman Armies • named princeps/ImperatorFirst citizen • Ostensibly follows constitution • In fact, Senate is a rubber stamp for princeps

  24. Pax Romana • Virgil - The Aenid • Horace - The Odes (Greek poetic style in Latin) • Livy - The History of Rome (Moral Purpose) • The Building of Rome

  25. The Bureaucracy • Servants in the House of the Emperor become "Officials“

  26. 235 - 285 AD - the Era of Chaos • 26 Emperors, only 1 died a natural death

  27. Barbarian threats • new defense problems • Mobile, stop-gap army • recruitment of border people for army

  28. The End of Expansion & Barbarian Success • Reconstruction in a Zero-sum game

  29. Barbarian Europe

  30. The Empire

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